Peter Kuzmich Anokhin, Academician: A Biography, taimako zuwa kimiyya

Fitattun masana kimiyyar physiologist na XX karni , Peter Kuzmich Anokhin - Academician, kafa shahara kimiyya makarantu, wanda ya kafa sabon rassan kimiyya na kwakwalwa, wanda ya zama riga na cybernetics - ya tafi, hali mai Soviet masanin kimiyya. Ya fito daga wata sauki aiki-aji iyali, ya zama a duniya-mashahuri physiologist, kawo fifiko na Soviet kimiyya a da yawa filayen daga neurophysiology, yayin da ake gittar da lokaci-lokaci tsananta ga su unwillingness su bi a kimiyya amince ra'ayi tabbatar mana.

"An haife ni a cikin kwazazzabo"

Ya tuna cewa mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa sun jahilci da kuma sanya hannu biyu crosses. Shi ne na kowa daga cikin mazaunan kwarin - mafi proletarian na Tsarina. A nan, a cikin iyali na da wani reluwe ma'aikacin da haifuwa na Academician Anokhin. Haife shi - Janairu 27, 1898. Uba - Kuzma Vladimirovich - mai tsananin da taciturn mutum - zo daga Don Cossacks. Daga uwar - Agrafena Prokofyevna, a 'yan qasar na Penza lardin - ya samu wani m, kuma m hali, da kuma babban alama yaron ya zama son sani da so ga ilmi.

Kafin juyin juya hali, ya samun makarantar sakandare ilimi - sauke karatu daga wani fasaha makaranta (1914) da kuma shiga ƙasar surveying, agronomic makaranta a Novocherkassk. Ba da da ewa sai ya wakiltar kansa da kansa da amfani a nazarin halittu kimiyya, sanin mutum, musamman a kan kwakwalwa. Ya fara wani aiki ban sha'awa a cikin kimiyya wallafe-wallafe a kan wannan batu, magana da malamai na halitta kimiyya, wanda zai iya akalla ba wani shugabanci to ta obrazovatelskih burin jama'ar.

Member na yakin basasa

Proletarian asalin Anokhina sanya wata halitta bangare a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci events na 1917, sa'an nan a cikin yakin basasa a gefe na Bolsheviks. A lokacin da Cossack tawaye a watan Fabrairu 1918 Tsaritsyn ya karkashin barazana, kuma saurayin da yake a kare - ya aka nada sufeto na sandan a yi na soja kufaifan. A 1920, ya kasance mai aiki a cikin kwaminis farfaganda - ya zama kwamishinan na Press a Novocherkassk da kuma manajan editan wata babbar jarida Don District - "Red Dawn."

Akwai bayyana a tsanani gwaninta kamar yadda wani marubuci, wanda ko da yaushe yana da daga baya Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich rubuta mafi yawan editorials kuma mai yawa articles ga wata jarida. Su m, kuma alama harshe ja hankalin jama'a ta Commissar of Education AV Lunacharskogo aikata yaƙi tafiye-tafiye zuwa gaban. Ya so ya hadu da matasa marubucin, kuma akwai wani taro, wanda ya ga wani nan gaba masanin kimiyya-fashe taron. Anokhin shaida wa jama'ar kasar Commissar na sha'awar zuwa koyi da wani amfani a cikin tsarin da mutum kwakwalwa, wanda ya riƙe a lokacin duk da m events a kasar.

makaranta spondylitis

Ba da da ewa zo da wani harafi a cikin abin da nema aika Anokhina don nazarin sanannen masanin kimiyya - Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, karkashin jagorancin jihar Institute of Medical Knowledge a Petrograd. A 1921, Peter Kuzmich zo karatu a wannan makaranta. Kamar yadda ya rubuta daga baya Anokhin, Academician Bekhterev aikata babban abu ga shi - duk daura wa duniya, duniya kimiyya matsala - asirin mutum kwakwalwa, a lokacin da farko Hakika janyo hankalin wannan bincike.

Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, dalibi Anohin fahimci cewa shi ba ya jawo hankalin halin tababbu - babban shugabanci na kimiyya aiki na spondylitis. Ya ga shi a matsayin ma da kamã da jũna, kuma unsaid, cewa an bayyana ne kawai a baki ba form. Ya aka fi janyo hankalin zuwa Physiology na kwakwalwa, da damar karatu shi by kafa gwaje-gwajen don samar kankare sakamakon. Yayin da babban iko a wannan yankin da aka Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Shi ne a Lab da kuma a cikin 1922 Anokhin. Academician Pavlov jawo hankalin matasa masanin kimiyyar gwaji a kan ciki hanawa - narrowest batu na ka'idar sharadi reflexes.

Aminci almajiri na Pavlov

Tsoro na conventionalism a kimiyya, don kauce wa daya mai gefe view, kauce wa makafi riko da guda karshe, ko da sun kasance wani ɓangare na wani alama jitu ka'idar - don haka ya koya wa ma'aikata girma physiologist. To, a lõkacin a 1924 aka buga wata kasida "A harshen jari-hujja da hankulansu matsaloli", a cikin abin da wasu mambobi na Pavlovian dakunan gwaje-gwaje ga wani ƙoƙari a kan asali arziki na ka'idar sharadi reflexes, kuma marubucin wanda ya Anokhin, Academician kansa kare matasa masanin kimiyya.

A cikin shawarwarin da Pavlov Anohin farko ya zama lecturer a sashen Physiology na Birnin Leningrad, Institute of zootechnical sa'an nan farfesa na Medical Faculty of Jami'ar Nizhny Novgorod. Bisa ga wannan baiwa da aka kafa Gorky Medical Institute, inda a sashen Physiology da kuma fara ta kimiyya masu zaman kansu da kuma pedagogical aiki Anokhin. Academician, wanda biography ya dade da aka nasaba da Gorky, bar wani bugu a kan tarihin na Cibiyar da kuma a kusa da birnin.

Cibiyar gwajin Medicine

A Department of Physiology na Gorky Medical Institute, wanda Anohin juya a cikin daya daga cikin mafi kyau a kasar a shekara ta 1932 an kafa wani reshe na All-Union Cibiyar gwajin Medicine, wanda darektan da ya zama Anokhin.

A shekarar 1935 ya aka canjawa wuri zuwa aiki a VNIEM zuwa Moscow a matsayin shugaban sashen na neuroscience, a cikin abin da ya ke tsunduma a cikin gwaji karatu na mafi girma m aiki. Yana mai tabbatar da wani aiki da dangantaka da na asibiti cibiyoyin, wanda zai gudanar da hadin gwiwa da bincike tare da likitoci, neurologists da neurosurgeons. A sakamakon wadannan karatu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin Anokhina a kan matsaloli na yaki raunin na gefe m tsarin a lokacin Great Patriotic War.

A gwagwarmayar da tsarki na kimiyya jerin

Wasu masu tarihi na kasa da kimiyya ce cewa cire Anokhina daga babban birnin kasar zuwa periphery - a nan Nizhny Novgorod, da aka samar a cikin himma da Pavlov, ya cece shi daga makawa bin ma m ra'ayoyi da kuma ayyuka. Saboda haka da yawa akida mayakan gigice Anokhina yanke shawarar dakatar da biyan jam'iyyar sadãkõkinsu zuwa aikin janye daga jam'iyyar. Ya ji cewa zamantakewa aiki da zai hana shi a ilimi.

Biyayyarsu ga muhimman hakkokin guzuri na Pavlovian ka'idar shela da Anohin-dalibi kuma Academician Anokhin. Masana kimiyya jayayya da cewa mafi girma lahani ga m kimiyya a kawo juyi da al'adunmu na girma physiologist, wanda yake a cikin category na marar sakewa gaskiya ne don haka vatattu tãyar da ra'ayoyi bayyana ta Pavlov a matsayin kadan yiwu inferences ko zaton cewa ba su shafi cikin abun ciki da kuma tushe na asali postulates ka'idar.

Da shan kashi na Soviet Physiology

Daga baya, ya tuna da yawa a kan shahara Pavlovian zaman - wani taron hadin gwiwa na Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Academy of Medical Kimiyya da Tarayyar Soviet da ya faru a lokacin rani na 1950. A da shi, ya bi ta hanyar halittar jini, an hõre tsaftacewa da Soviet Physiology. Da dama manyan masana kimiyya, girmamawa a cikin kimiyya al'umma, hõre m tsananta ga "karkacewa daga koyarwar Pavlov" da kuma sha'awa ga bourgeois idealistskimi yankunan physiological kimiyya. Shurum sha wahala mafi kusa da aminci almajiran Pavlov - L.Orbeli A. Speransky, I. Beritashvili, L.Shtern. Hard aka soki da halaye da cewa nuna Academician Anokhin. Peter Kuzmich, wanda biography aka hade tare da su zuwa kafa a shekarar 1944 ta Institute of Physiology a Academy of Medical Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet, aka cire daga shugabanci, kuma har 1953 - har mutuwar Stalin - wani farfesa a sashen Physiology, Medical University a Ryazan.

Babban kimiyya taimako

A ka'idar aikin tsarin - da na halitta sakamakon ci gaban da Pavlovian ka'idar. Wannan ka'idar ne yadu yi ĩmãni da babban kimiyya nasarori, da ya fi muhimmanci taimako ga duniya kimiyya game da mutum kwakwalwa. Yana da su bayyana cikin jiki ta m matakai saboda kasancewar a cikinsa na musamman mai zaman kansa ƙungiyoyi da kuma kungiyoyi aiki tare da taimako na na tsarin jijiya da kuma humoral (gudanar ta hanyar ruwaye) da dokokinta.

Irin wannan tsarin da ake kira a matsayin kai-gudãnar, saboda akwai ta kyautata. A sakamakon irin wannan tsarin zama mai halin yi, ga wanda akwai wani kishiya afferentation kima - feedback. Wannan ra'ayi ne na asali zuwa kimiyya daga cikin hanyoyin da shiri, canja, ajiya da kuma canji na bayanai - Cybernetics. Mahaifin wannan kimiyya - Norbert Wiener - sosai mai daraja aiki, marubucin wanda ya Academician Anokhin. Photo sanya a lokacin wani hadin gwiwa yawo da Wiener Anokhin na Moscow, ya zama wata alama ce da dangantaka ta kusa da biyu kimiyyar.

Halittu theories na motsin zuciyarmu, theories na wakefulness kuma barci, da yunwa, da satiety sunadaran da ciki hanawa - wadannan matsaloli Anohin tsunduma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ya hada da bincike tare da ƙungiya ayyuka na cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje kimiyya al'ummu, sa hannu a cikin Editorial katakan yawa wallafe, da dai sauransu

PK Anokhin sauke karatu daga tafarkin rayuwa Maris 5, 1974, da barin suna mai kyau ga su adam halaye da kuma babban kimiyya al'adunmu.