Business, Masana'antu
Polymer - abin da yake da shi? polymer samarwa
Yana da ban mamaki yadda bambancin da abubuwan da suke kewaye da mu, da kuma kayan daga wanda an yi su. Tun da farko, game da XV-XVI ƙarni, babban kayan su karafa, da itace, gilashin baya, kusan a kowane lokaci, ain da earthenware. Amma wannan karni - lokacin polymers, wanda za a tattauna kara.
A ra'ayi na polymers
Polymer. Mene ne wannan? Za ka iya amsa ga daban-daban wuraren view. A daya hannun, wani zamani kayan amfani Manufacturing a jam'i na fasaha da kuma iyali abubuwa.
A daya hannun, za mu iya ce shi ne musamman hada roba abu samu tare da qaddara Properties for amfani a wide specialization.
Kowace daga cikin wadannan ma'anoni, daidai ne, kawai na farko cikin sharuddan da iyali, da kuma na biyu - daga ra'ayi da sinadaran. Wani sinadaran definition ne kamar haka. Polymers - wannan macromolecular mahadi wadda ake bisa short yankuna na kwayoyin sarkar - monomers. Sun sake aukuwa akai-akai kafa polymer macrochain. A monomers iya zama duka kwayoyin da inorganic mahadi.
To, tambayar: "polymer - abin da yake da shi?" - bukatar wani cikakken amsar da kuma magance duk kaddarorin da kuma amfani da wadannan abubuwa.
daban na polymers
Akwai da yawa sukayi fassara polymers da daban-daban halaye (sinadaran halitta, zafi juriya, sarkar tsarin da sauransu). Wadannan tebur a takaice tattauna da asali iri polymers.
| manufa | iri | definition | misalai |
| By asalin (fitowan) | Halitta (na halitta) | Wadanda cewa faruwa ta halitta a cikin yanayi. Halitta da yanayi. | DNA, RNA, sunadarai, sitaci, amber, siliki, cellulose, halitta roba |
| roba | Samu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a mutum ba shi da wata dangantaka da yanayi. | PVC, polyethylene, phenol formaldehyde guduro, propylene, polyurethane da kuma sauran | |
| wucin gadi | Halitta da mutum a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma a kan tushen da na halitta polymers. | Celluloid, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose | |
| Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na sinadaran halitta | kwayoyin halitta | Mafi yawa daga duk aka sani polymers. A wani kwayoyin monomer abu (hada da carbon atoms iya canzawa atoms N, S, yã, P da sauransu). | All roba polymers |
| inorganic yanayi | Dalili na abubuwa kamar Si, Ge, yã, P, S, H, da sauransu. Properties na polymers, ba m, su samar da macrochains. | Polysilanes, polidihlorfosfazen, poligermany, polysilicic acid | |
| organoelemental yanayi | A cakuda kwayoyin da inorganic polymers. Main kewaye - da inorganic, gefe - organics. | Polysiloxanes polycarboxylates poliorganotsiklofosfazeny. | |
| Banbancin babban sarkar | Gomotsepnye | Babban sarkar wakilta ko dai carbon ko silicon. | Polysilanes, polystyrene, polyethylene, da sauransu. |
| hetero | Babban kwarangwal na daban-daban kwayoyin halitta. | Misalai polymers - polyamides, sunadarai, ethylene glycol. |
Har ila yau rarrabe tsakanin mikakke polymers, giciye-nasaba da branched tsarin. polymer tushe damar su, su zama thermoplastic ko thermosetting. Su ma suna da bambance-bambance a cikin ikon deform karkashin al'ada yanayi.
The jiki Properties na polymeric kayan
Basic biyu tara yanayi, hali na polymers ne:
- amorphous.
- crystal.
Kowane halin da nasu sa na Properties kuma yana da muhimmanci m muhimmanci. Alal misali, idan polymer a amorphous jihar ta wanzu, to, yana iya zama vyazkotekuschey ruwa da kuma idon yayi kamar gilashi abu da kuma elastomeric fili (rubbers). An yadu a yi amfani da sinadaran masana'antu, yi, da fasaha, samar da masana'antu kaya.
A crystalline Jihar polymers ne quite al'ada. A gaskiya, wannan jiha ne cike da koyaswa amorphous sassa na kewaye, da kuma a general dukan kwayoyin itace sosai dace don samar da m, amma a lokaci guda high kuma m zaruruwa.
Da narkewa maki ga polymers ne daban-daban. Mutane da yawa amorphous narke a dakin da zazzabi, da kuma wasu roba crystalline tsayayya fairly high yanayin zafi (Plexiglas, gilashin fiber, polyurethane, propylene).
Polymers za a iya fentin a wasu launuka, ba tare da wani hani. Saboda su tsarin, suna iya sha da Paint kuma saya mafi daukan hankali da kuma sabon abu launuka.
Chemical Properties na polymers
Chemical Properties na polymers bambanta da na low kwayoyin nauyi abubuwa. Wannan shi ne saboda girman da kwayoyin, gaban daban-daban aikin kungiyoyin a tsarinta, da na kowa stock na da kunnawa makamashi.
A general, akwai da dama na asali iri halayen halayyar polymers:
- Halayen da za a ƙaddara da aikin kungiyar. Wannan ne, idan polymer ne a kungiyar OH, hankula alcohols, Saboda haka, da dauki a cikin abin da za su zo a m ga waɗanda na alcohols (dehydration, hadawan abu da iskar shaka, raguwa, dehydration, da dai sauransu).
- Hulda da HMC (low-kwayoyin mahadi).
- Halayen tsakanin polymers samar da wata crosslinked macromolecular networks (cibiyar sadarwa polymers, branched).
- A halayen tsakanin aikin kungiyoyin cikin polymer macromolecule.
- Lalacewar macromolecule a kan monomers (sarkar wulakanci).
Duk wadannan halayen na bayar da muhimmanci a yi, domin shiri na polymers da qaddara dũkiyarsu da kuma dadi mutum. Polymer Chemistry ba ka damar haifar da zafi-resistant, acid da kuma Alkali-hujja kayan, wanda dole a lokaci guda isa sassauci da kwanciyar hankali.
Aikace-aikace na polymers a yau da kullum
A amfani da wadannan mahadi ko'ina. 'Yan iya tuna da filayen na masana'antu, tattalin arziki, kimiyya da fasaha, wanda zai ba bukatar polymer. Mẽne ne - a polymeric tattalin arzikin da tartsatsi amfani, da kuma yadda shi ne m?
- Chemical masana'antu (roba masana'antu, tannins, Organic kira na manyan mahadi).
- Inji aikin injiniya, jirgin sama, mai matatun mai.
- Medicine da kuma magunguna.
- Samun dyes da kuma bama-bamai, da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma herbicides, kwari a fannin aikin gona.
- Construction masana'antu (karfe alloying, zane sauti da zafi rufi, kayan gini).
- Yin toys, jita-jita, shambura, kwalaye, iyali abubuwa da housewares.
Polymer Chemistry damar zuwa samu ƙara, shi ne duniya kaddarorin da kayan, da kwatankwacinsu wanda babu tsakanin karafa ko tsakanin itace ko gilashi.
Misalan polymeric kayan
Kafin mu ambaci musamman kayayyakin daga polymers (su ne ba zai yiwu ba domin lissafa kome, da yawa na da bambancin), ka farko bukatar fahimtar abin da ya bada polymer. A kayan, wanda aka samu daga Navy, kuma zai zama dalilin gaba kayayyakin.
Basic kayan sanya daga polymers, su ne:
- robobi.
- polypropylenes.
- polyurethanes.
- polystyrene.
- polyacrylates.
- phenol formaldehyde resins.
- epoxy resins.
- Capron.
- viscose.
- nylons.
- polyester zaruruwa .
- adhesives.
- film.
- tannins da sauransu.
Wannan shi ne kawai karamin jerin abin da iri-iri shi yayi zamani sunadarai. Amma a nan riga ya bayyana abin da abubuwa da kuma kayayyakin da ake yi daga polymers - kusan duk wani gidan abubuwa, magani da sauran yankunan (roba windows, bututu, kitchen kayayyakinsa, da kayayyakin aiki, furniture, toys, fina-finai, da dai sauransu).
Polymers a fannoni daban daban na kimiyya da fasaha
Mun riga shãfe a kan wannan tambaya da wuraren da polymers ana amfani. Misalai nuna su muhimmanci a kimiyya da kuma fasaha, zai iya haifar da wadannan:
- aikace-aikace na roba.
- antistatic coatings.
- electromagnetic garkuwoyi.
- Lokuta na kusan dukan iyali kayan.
- transistors.
- LEDs, da sauransu.
Babu hani kan amfani da polymeric kayan a fantasy duniya a yau.
polymer samarwa
Polymer. Mene ne wannan? Shi ne kusan kome da kome da na kewaye da mu. Ina za su samar?
- Petrochemical (refining) masana'antu.
- Musamman shuke-shuke da samar da polymeric kayan da kayayyakin daga gare su.
Wannan shi ne babban dalilin a kan wanda ya samu (hada) polymeric kayan.
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