Refining: na asali hanyoyin

Petroleum da kuma halitta da gas, wadannan na musamman ma'adanai, ne manyan kafofin na hydrocarbons. Danyen man - wani hadadden cakuda hydrocarbons da sauran mahadi. Refining sakamakon a kayayyakin da ake amfani da nan a duk sassa na masana'antu, makamashi, aikin noma da kuma gidaje.

A danyen mai da aka rabu cikin gyara da sauki fractional barasan da injin. A abun da ke ciki na samu kasarun adadi ya dogara da abun da ke ciki na asali da danyen mai.

Refining wuce dama, saukarwa: fractional barasan, Gyara, fatattaka da kuma sulfur magani.

Fractional barasan ne na farko da aiki mataki, wanda ya raba da shi a cikin kasarun adadi, gas, haske, matsakaici da kuma nauyi mai. Saboda haka, primary aiki na man fetur da damar zuwa nan da nan gane da mafi muhimmanci da kasarun adadi.

• A gas sulusi da murabba'i ne mafi sauki unbranched hydrocarbons: butane, propane da ethane.
• Fetur ko haske sulusi da murabba'i - a cakuda daban-daban haske hydrocarbons, ciki har da branched da unbranched alkanes.
• Fuel man sauran bayan barasan dukan sauran m kasarun adadi.

Bugu da ari tsaftacewa da aka yi da fatattaka. Kamar wancan akwai wani tsagawa na man macromolecular mahadi cikin karami, m tafasar kasarun adadi ne na hali. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin Hanyar aiki da ke sa shi yiwuwa a sami wani ƙarin adadin low-tafasasshen man fetur kasarun adadi, da bukatar wadda, musamman a fetur, exceptionally high.

• A masana'antu na amfani da dama iri fatattaka: catalytic, thermal da dokokin sake fasalin dokokin. A thermal fatattaka daga high kwayoyin nauyi mahadi da nauyi mai kasarun adadi suna karye a cikin low kwayoyin nauyi a karkashin high yanayin zafi. Refining ta biyu thermal fatattaka da kuma catalytic da ake samu wata cakuda unsaturated da cikakken hydrocarbons. A Example octadecane fatattaka tsari za a iya bayyana ta da dabara:

C ₁₈ H ₃₈ -> C ₉ H ₂₀ + C ₉ H ₁₈

A yanayin zafi har zuwa 1000 ° C yana sa thermal bazuwar daga high-kwayoyin mai, game da shi, samar da wani ma haske alkenes kuma aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Catalytic fatattaka faruwa a gwada low yanayin zafi, cikinsa da mai kara kuzari ne cakuda alumina da silica. Har ila yau a cikin wannan harka da wata cakuda cikakken kuma unsaturated hydrocarbons. Refining wannan hanya da ake amfani da su samar da high quality fetur.
• Gyara canje-canje da tsarin kwayoyin da kuma hadawa su a cikin ya fi girma mãsu girmansu. A lokacin low quality-low kwayoyin nauyi mai kasarun adadi ya canza, musamman high-sa fetur sulusi da murabba'i.

Halitta da kuma hade gas - da cakuda methane (90% by girma) kuma ta kusa homologues, kazalika da adadi kaɗan na impurities.

Babban aiki na aiki gas - žunsa tana mayar da cikakken hydrocarbons zuwa unsaturated, wanda zai iya daga baya a yi amfani a cikin sinadaran kira.

Saboda haka, man fetur da kuma iskar gas aiki sa wani musamman manyan kewayon daban-daban mai kayayyakin, wanda sakamakon da sunadarai kira itace wata babbar iri-iri na abubuwa da ake amfani da su a da dama daga sassa.