Shekaru biyar shirin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet: tebur, da shekaru, babban gini ayyukan. Socialist masana'antu

Don kwatanta da baya da kuma yanzu da ake bukata domin inganta nan gaba, yana da kyawawa ba su maimaita kurakurai na kakanninsu. Tarayyar Soviet - da zarar mai girma superpower vnosshaya a lokaci daya a babbar gudunmawar ga ci gaban al'umma. Daya daga cikin na kan kusurwar da rayuwar Soviet jama'a sun biyar-shekara lokacin. Bisa ga sakamakon, masana tarihi yi hukunci da masana'antu na kasar, kwatanta da nasarori da suka gabata da kuma yanzu, mu san yadda za nisa fasaha ya bar mu tsara da kuma abin da har yanzu daraja jihãdi ga. Saboda haka, da topic wannan labarin - biyar-shekara a cikin shirin Tarayyar Soviet. Tebur a kasa za ta taimaka ga tsarin da ilimin da suka samu a mai ma'ana domin.

Da farko shekaru biyar-biyar (1928-1932)

Saboda haka, 1 shekaru biyar shirin fara a cikin sunan gurguzanci. Kasar bayan juyin juya halin da ake bukata a cikin masana'antu, domin ci gaba da taki tare da manyan Turai iko. Haka kuma, kawai ta wajen tilasta masana'antu damar-gina shi yiwuwa a gama kasar da kuma kawo Tarayyar Soviet zuwa wani sabon matakin na soja, kazalika da tada matakin na noma a ko'ina cikin sararin ƙasa. A cewar gwamnatin, da ake bukata a tsaurara da m shirin.

Saboda haka, babban makasudin da aka kara soja buildup hanzari.

Babban ayyuka na farko shekaru biyar shirin

A XIV Congress na CPSU (b), a karshen shekara ta 1925, Stalin ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa, kana bukatar ka canza da Tarayyar Soviet daga kasar sayo makamai da kuma kayan aiki shigo cikin kasar, wanda shi ne da kanta duk da shi zai iya samar da kuma samar wa sauran jihohi. Hakika, akwai mutanen da suke nuna rashin amincewa da wani mabiyin, amma mafi ra'ayi, ya aka raunanar. Stalin ya zama interested in da gaskiyar cewa a cikin farkon shekaru biyar, ya kawo kasar cikin gubar ta sa a farko a samar da karfe. Saboda haka, masana'antu ya da za a gudanar a 4, saukarwa:

1. kai kayayyakin sabuntawa.
2. The fadada daga masana'antu hade tare da samar da kayan da aikin noma.
3. Redistribution na jihar-mallakar kamfanonin a kan ƙasa.
4. The canji na makamashi hadaddun.

All hudu daga cikin tsari ba alternately, kuma intricately intertwined. Haka abin ya fara a shekaru biyar shirin na masana'antu na kasar 1.

All ideas kawo wa rai ba, duk da haka, manyan masana'antu samarwa ya karu da kusan sau 3, da kuma aikin injiniya - 20 sau. Babu shakka, irin wannan nasara kammala wannan aiki ya sa quite halitta yardar gwamnati. Hakika, yana da wuya ga mutane da aka ba da farko shekaru biyar shirin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A tebur da sakamakon farko na wadannan za a dauke a cikin wadannan kalmomi a matsayin slogan ko subtitle: "Babban abu - don fara!"

Sai a wannan lokaci akwai abubuwa da yawa na jawo ra'ayinsu posters da cewa yin tunãni babban manufar da ainihi na Soviet mutane.

Major yi ayyukan a wancan lokacin su ne kwal mahakar a Donbass da kuma Kuzbass, Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Hada. Wannan yarda a cimma kudi 'yancin kai da Tarayyar Soviet. Mafi shahararren gini - shi Dnieper. 1932 th alama karshen ba kawai na farko shekaru biyar shirin, amma yafi for nauyi yi masana'antu.

New ikon da leaps da haddi Qarfafa ta matsayi a Turai.

Shekaru biyar shirin lamba biyu (1933-1937)

Na biyu shekaru biyar shirin a cikin high da'irori aka kira "shekaru biyar shirin na collectivization" ko "jama'a ilimi." Yana da aka amince da VII Congress na CPSU (b). Bayan manyan masana'antu kasa da ake bukata a cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yana da wannan Sphere, kuma ya zama babban maƙasudin na biyu shekaru biyar shirin.

Babban kwatance na biyu biyar

Babban sojojin da kuma gwamnatin kudi a farkon "shekaru biyar shirin na collectivization" sun mayar da hankali a kan gina metallurgical shuke-shuke. Akwai da Ural-Kuzbass, bari na farko halin yanzu Dnieper. A kasar nan bai wanzuwa a cikin kimiyya ci gaba. Saboda haka, na biyu na shekaru biyar lokaci alama na farko saukowa a Arewa iyakacin duniya balaguro Papanin bayyana iyakacin duniya tashar SP-1. Rayayye gina jirgin karkashin kasa.

A wannan lokaci, wani mai girma girmamawa da aka sanya a gurguzu gasar a tsakanin ma'aikata. Mafi shahara ɗan ganga shekaru biyar shirin - Aleksey Stahanov. A 1935 ya kafa wani sabon tarihi da guje guda shift rate 14 motsi.

Na uku na shekaru biyar (1938-1942)

Farko na uku na shekaru biyar lokacin da aka alama ta slogan: "Kama up da kuma fi samar da capita na ci gaba jari hujja kasashen!" Babban kokarin da gwamnatin da aka nufin kara da kasar ta tsaro, kazalika a farkon shekaru biyar, saboda wanda ya sha wahala samar da abubuwan da jama'a amfani.

Kwatance Uku shekaru biyar shirin

By farkon 1941, kusan rabin (43%), da kasar babban birnin kasar da aka tada matakin da nauyi masana'antu. A kan Hauwa'u na da yaki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a cikin Urals da Siberia hanzari girma man fetur da makamashi tushe. Wajibi ne ga gwamnati shi ne halittar "ta biyu Baku" - wani sabon yanki samar da man fetur, wanda ya kamata ya zamanto tsakanin Volga da Urals.

Musamman da hankali da aka biya a cikin tanki, da jirgin sama da sauran shuke-shuke, irin wannan. Abu mai muhimmanci ya karu da matakin samar da harsasai da kuma manyan bindigogi bawo. Duk da haka, da makamai da Tarayyar Soviet har yanzu wanzuwa yamma, musamman daga Jamus, amma batun na sabon iri na makamai ne ba sosai cikin sauri, ko da a cikin watannin farko na yaki.

Fourth shekara biyar (1946-1950)

Bayan da yaki, dukkan kasashen da za a rayar da su samar da tattalin arziki, da Tarayyar Soviet nasara kusan gama yi a cikin marigayi 40s a lokacin da ta fara na huɗu lokaci. Shekaru biyar shirin ba a nufi soja buildup, kamar yadda kafin, amma Tarurrukan rasa a duk duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa a lokacin yaki.

Babban nasarori da na huɗu shekaru biyar shirin

Kamar shekaru biyu da aka cimma wannan matakin na masana'antu samar, wanda kafin yaki, duk da cewa shirin na biyu da na uku shekaru biyar shirin sa a gaba tauri aiki nagartacce. A 1950, babban samar da wuraren sun koma ga 1940 matakin. Lokacin da shekara biyar lokaci ya ƙare 4, da masana'antu girma da 41% da kuma gina gine-gine - 141%.

Domin sake-shigar da sabon Dnieper, reinstated duk mahakar na Donbass. A wannan rubutu a kan 4 shekaru biyar shirin.

Na biyar shekara biyar (1951-1955)

A lokacin da Biyar shekaru biyar shirin more kowa atomic makamai, ya bayyana farko a duniya NPP a Obninsk, da kuma a farkon 1953 da post na shugaban kasa maimakon I. V. Stalina daukan N. S. Hruschov.

Major nasarori biyar biyar

Kamar yadda zuba jari a samar ya karu da sau biyu, kuma Ya ƙãra kundin samfur (71%), da aikin noma - 25%. Ba da da ewa, sabon karfe shuke-shuke da aka gina - Caucasian da Cherepovets. A farko tsiri ne gaba daya, ko partially sanya Tsimlyanskaya da Gorkovskaya HPP. A karshen na biyar biyar-shekara kimiyya na ji game da atomic da hydrogen ragargaza.

A karshe, shi ne ya fara gina Volga-Don tashar da Omsk mai matatar mai, muhimmanci ƙara rates na ci hakar ma'adinai. Kuma 12.5 kadada miliyan sabuwar ƙasar sun shiga wurare dabam dabam.

Shida shekara biyar (1956-1960)

Fiye da 2 da 500 mafi girma a Enterprises zo a cikin aiki, a lokacin da shida shekaru biyar shirin. A karshen shi, a 1959, shi ya fara a layi daya shekaru bakwai shirin. National samun kudin shiga ya karu da 50%. Zuba jari a wannan lokaci sun ninka sake, wanda a cikin sa mai yawa ci gaban haske masana'antu.

Babban nasarorin da Shida shekaru biyar shirin

Gross fitarwa na masana'antu da kuma noma ya karu da fiye da 60%. Su aka kammala Gorky, da Volga, Kuibyshev da Irkutsk HPP. By ƙarshen shekaru biyar shirin gina up duniya ta babbar worsted niƙa a Ivanovo. A Kazakhstan, shi ya fara aiki ci gaban da budurwa asashe. Tarayyar Soviet karshe da makaman nukiliya makami mai linzami da garkuwa.

Duniya na farko da tauraron dan adam kaddamar Oktoba 4, 1957. M kokarin bunkasa manyan masana'antu. Duk da haka, mafi kasance kasawa, gwamnatin shirya wani shekaru bakwai da shirin, wanda ya hada da bakwai shekaru biyar shirin da shekaru biyu na karshe na shida.

Bakwai na shekaru biyar (1961-1965)

Kamar yadda ka sani, a watan Afrilu 1961 da farko mutane a duniya ya tashi a sararin samaniya. Wannan taron alama farkon na bakwai shekaru biyar shirin. National samun kudin shiga ci gaba da girma a kan gaba shekaru biyar, ya karu da kusan 60%. A matakin na babban masana'antu fitarwa ya karu da 83%, noma - 15%.

By tsakiyar 1965 Tarayyar Soviet ya dauki wani ci-gaba matsayi a kan ci da Karafa, kazalika da samar da siminti, wanda shi ne ba abin mamaki ba. A kasar ne har yanzu rayayye ɓullo da manyan masana'antu da kuma gina masana'antu, birnin girma a idonta, kuma domin da karfi gine-gine bukatar sumunti.

Takwas shekaru biyar shirin (1966-1970)

shekaru biyar shirin bai nufin samar da kayan da gina sabon gine-gine da kuma masana'antu. Cities ci gaba da fadada. Domin shugabancin zo L. I. Brezhnev. A lokacin da wadannan shekaru biyar, akwai mutane da yawa a karkashin kasa tashoshin, da West-Siberian kuma Karaganda Metallurgical Shuka, na farko mota factory Vaz (Fitowa: 600 dubu motoci a kowace shekara.), Krasnoyarsk HPP - mafi girma a tashar a duniya a wancan lokacin.

Active gidaje yi warware matsalar obezdolivaniya (amo mara sa a yaki har yanzu echoed a cikin manyan birane). A karshen shekarar 1969, fiye da miliyan 5 mazauna samu sabon Apartments. Bayan da jirgin Yu. A. Gagarina cikin sarari ilmin taurari ya yi wani babban tsalle a gaba, na farko Rover, ya kawo ƙasa daga watã, da na'ura kai surface na Venus an halitta.

Tara shekara biyar (1971-1975)

A lokacin Tara biyar-biyar gina fiye da dubu masana'antu Enterprises, da babban girma da masana'antu yanayin da samfurin ya karu da 45%, da kuma aikin noma - 15%. Rayayye masu tasowa na mota, gyara motoci da jiragen kasa. Zuba Jari ya wuce biliyan 300 rubles a shekara.

A ci gaba da mai da iskar gas-hali rijiyoyin a Yammacin Siberia ya kai ga gina da yawa harkokin kasuwanci, bayar da damar gudanar da bututun. Tun bayyanar babban yawan tsire-tsire girma da kuma matakin da aiki, yawan, shi da aka kafa ta da alamar "ɗan ganga na Tara shekaru biyar shirin" (for kyau a cikin aikin, kuma a wuraren aiki).

Goma shekara biyar (1976-1980)

Rayayye kiwon kasa samun kudin shiga da kuma masana'antu fitarwa girma yana farawa sauka. Yanzu kasar ba ta bukatar wata babbar karuwa a kasuwanci, amma barga ci gaban duk duniyoyin da masana'antu ya ko da yaushe ake bukata.

Mai samar da ya zo da fore, don haka da yawa bututun cewa budewa fadin Yammacin Siberia da aka gina domin shekaru biyar, inda aikinsa ya ɓullo da daruruwan gidajen mai. Abu mai muhimmanci kara yawan aiki kayan aiki: tractors, manyan motoci.

Goma sha ɗaya shekara biyar (1981-1985)

Domin tarayyar soviet suka fara sosai m sau. Duk da gwamnatin ji da isowa daga cikin rikicin, da dalilai ga wanda akwai da yawa: ciki, waje, siyasa da tattalin arziki. A lokaci daya shi yiwuwa a canja tsarin mulki, ba tare da renouncing gurguzanci, amma babu wani daga wannan da aka samar. Saboda rikicin, mutane mamaye jagorancin matsayi na jihar, aka maye gurbinsu da sauri sosai. Saboda haka, L. I. Brezhnev zauna sakataren CPSU har 10.11.1982, Yu. V. Andropov wani matsayi da ya gudanar har 13.02.1984, K. A .Chernenko - har zuwa 03.10.1985.

Ya ci gaba da samar da sufuri da gas daga yammacin Siberia zuwa yammacin Turai. Gina bututun "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" tsawon na 4500 km, tsallaka da Ural Mountains da kuma daruruwan koguna.

Goma sha biyu shekara biyar (1986-1990)

Karshe shekaru biyar shirin na Tarayyar Soviet. Domin ta lokaci, an shirya ya yi cikin dogon lokacin da tattalin arziki da dabarun, amma da shirin tafi awry. A wannan lokacin, mutane da yawa sun ga alamar da guduma na sha biyu na shekaru biyar: manoma, ma'aikata da kuma kwararru na aluma, injiniyoyi shirya ... (da aka partially cika) don tsara samar da haske masana'antu.

Shekaru biyar shirin da Tarayyar Soviet: summary tebur

Saboda haka, mun taƙaice jera cikin shekaru biyar-biyar a cikin shirin Tarayyar Soviet. Tebur zuwa ga hankali, zai taimaka wajen tsara da kuma tara sama abu. Littafin ya ƙunshi mafi muhimmanci al'amurran da kowane shiri.

№ (shekaru biyar-shekara)	shirin manufofin	Major yi shekaru biyar da tsare-tsaren	sakamakon
farko (1928-1932)	Duk wani farashin kara soja ikon da inganta samar da manyan masana'antu.	Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Hada, Dnieper, kwal mahakar a Donbass da kuma Kuzbass.	3 sau ƙara samar da manyan masana'antu da kuma 20 sau - injiniya, kawar da rashin aikin yi.
biyu (1933-1937)	I. V. Stalin: "Mun yi kama har da m kasashen a 5-10 shekaru, ko za su murkushe mu." A kasar da ake bukata a kara da matakin na iri daban-daban na masana'antu, biyu nauyi da kuma haske.	Ural-Kuzbass - na biyu kwal da kuma metallurgical tushe na kasar, a navigable tashar "Moscow - Volga".	Abu mai muhimmanci ara} samun kudin shiga da kuma masana'antu samar (2 sau), noma - by 1.5 sau.
na uku (1938-1942)	Saboda da m manufofin Nazi Jamus ta babban sojojin da aka aika zuwa kasar ta tsaro da kuma samar da kayan aiki da kuma manyan masana'antu.	The girmamawa a makarantun a farkon na biyar-post kokarin canjawa wuri zuwa Urals: jiragen sama, da motoci, bindigogi da kuma rokoki ake samar a can.	A kasar sha wahala mai girma asarar saboda da yaki, amma ya ci gaba gaba defenses da kuma samar da manyan masana'antu.
na hudu (1946-1950)	Ma'anar kalmar sake gini na kasar bayan yakin duniya na II. Wajibi ne a cimma wannan matakin na samar kamar yadda a cikin pre-yaki lokaci.	Sake zo a cikin aiki Dnieper, Donbass ikon Arewacin Caucasus.	By 1948 da aka kai da pre-yaki matakin, Amurka rasa wani kenkenewa a kan makaman nukiliya, muhimmanci rage farashin asali kayayyaki bukatar.
biyar (1951-1955)	Kara girma na kasa samun kudin shiga da kuma masana'antu samar.	Volga-Don Canal (1952). Obninsk nukiliya Power Plant (1954).	Gina yawa kududdufai, da samar da wutar lantarki, biyu sau ƙãra matakin na masana'antu samar. Kimiyya san game da atomic da hydrogen ragargaza.
shida (1956-1960)	Kiwon babban birnin kasar shi ne ba kawai nauyi, amma kuma a cikin haske masana'antu, kazalika da aikin noma.	Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk da Volgograd HPP. Worsted (Ivanovo).	Zuba jari ya karu da kusan sau biyu, rayayye gano ƙasashen yammacin Siberia da kuma Caucasus.
bakwai (1961-1965)	Karuwa daga kasa samun kudin shiga da kuma ci gaban kimiyya.	Afrilu 12 - jirgin Yu. A. Gagarina.	Karuwa da tsayayyen dukiya ta 94%, kasar albashi ya karu da 62%, da babban m fitarwa ta 65%.
takwas (1966-1970)	Inganta duk Manuniya: babban masana'antu samar da aikin noma, na kasa samun kudin shiga.	Yi Krasnoyarskaya, fraternal, Saratov HPP West Sibirisky Karfe Works, Volga mota (wha). Yana halitta na farko Lunar Rover.	Ilmin taurari koma a gaba (da ƙasa da aka kawo Moon, Venus kai surface), NAT. kudaden shiga girma 44%, da girma da masana'antu - by 54%.
tara (1971-1975)	Ci gaba m aikin noma da kuma aikin injiniya.	Gina matatun mai a Yammacin Siberia, farkon gina bututun.	Abu mai muhimmanci ci gaba da sinadaran masana'antu bayan ci gaban da adibas na Yammacin Siberia. Aza 33 dubu. Km na gas bututun, 22.5 thous. Km na man bututun.
goma (1976-1980)	Bude sabon Enterprises, ci gaban yammacin Siberia da kuma Far East.	Kama shuka, Ust-Ilim hydroelectric tashar.	Yawan man fetur da kuma iskar gas bututun. Akwai sabon masana'antu.
Sha Daya (1981-1985)	More ingantaccen amfani da samar da dukiya.	Bututun "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" tsawon na 4500 km.	A tsawon gas da kuma man fetur bututun da kuma 56 ya kai 110 dubu. Km bi da bi. Ara} samun kudin shiga, zamantakewa amfanin karu. Kumbura fasaha kayan aiki masana'antu.
goma sha biyu (1986-1990)	Aiwatar da gyare-gyare na tattalin arziki dabarun.	Yawanci zama gine-gine da ake gina.	Partially kaddamar samar da haske masana'antu. Inganta samar da makamashi wadata kamfanonin.

Kamar yadda wuya kamar yadda wadannan tsare-tsaren, sakamakon na shekaru biyar-biyar da tsare-tsaren nuna juriya da kuma ƙarfin hali na mutane. Eh, na yi aka ba duk. Shida shekaru biyar shirin yi "sabunta" saboda da shekaru bakwai da shirin.

Albeit wuya da shekaru biyar-biyar a cikin shirin Tarayyar Soviet (Table - kai tsaye hujja), amma Soviet mutane jaruntaka sun jimre wa dukan dokokin da har gaba da jadawalin. Babban taken dukkan biyar-shekara da tsare-tsaren da aka: "shekaru biyar shirin a cikin shekaru hudu!"