Solubility - menene wannan?

Chemistry - mai ban sha'awa da kuma wajen hadaddun kimiyya. Its sharuddan da Concepts mun zo fadin a rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma ba da yaushe ilhama, abin da suke nufi da abin da yake ma'anarta. Daya daga cikin wadannan matsalolin ne solubility. Wannan lokaci ne yadu amfani da ka'idar mafita, da kuma a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum da muke da aka tsayar da ta yin amfani saboda kewaye da wadannan guda mafita. Amma yana da muhimmanci ba sosai da amfani da kalmar, kamar yadda waɗanda suke jiki mamaki cewa shi wakiltar. Amma kafin a ci gaba da babban ɓangare na mu labarin, da sauri gaba a cikin karni na sha tara, a lokacin da Svante Arrhenius da Wilhelm Ostwald tsara da ka'idar electrolytic dissociation.

labarin

Ya fara nazarin mafita da kuma solubility na jiki ka'idar dissociation. Shi ne mafi sauki ga fahimta, duk da haka, shi ne ma m, kuma kawai wani ɓangare na da maki daidai da gaskiya. Jigon wannan ka'idar ne cewa solute shigar da bayani decomposes cikin caje barbashi kira ions. Wadannan barbashi da kuma sanin da sinadaran Properties na da mafita da kuma wasu daga ta jiki Properties, ciki har da watsin da kuma tafasar batu, narkewa batu da kuma crystallization.

Duk da haka, a mafi hadaddun shirme wanda la'akari da tsarin kamar yadda wani bayani, a cikin abin da barbashi hulɗa tare da juna da kuma samar da wani da ake kira solvates - ions kewaye da dipoles. Dipole - shi ne kullum a tsaka tsaki DNA, wadda oppositely cajin zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. Dipole ne yawanci a sauran ƙarfi kwayoyin. Da zarar a cikin bayani, da solute dissolves cikin ions da dipoles suna janyo hankalin zuwa oppositely cajin ions, daya dangane da su kawo karshen, da kuma sauran ions - daidai da sauran oppositely tuhuma da girmamawa ga karshen shi. Kamar wancan samu solvates kuma - kwayoyin suna kwasfa da sauran tsaka tsaki kwayoyin.

Yanzu bari mu magana kadan game da jigon da theories kansu, kuma kalle su a hankali.

ka'idar mafita

Da samuwar irin wannan barbashi za a iya bayyana ta da yawa mamaki da ba za a iya bayyana ta amfani da na gargajiya ka'idar mafita. Alal misali, cikin zafi na dauki narkar. Daga mahangar Arrhenius ka'idar, yana da wuya a ce me ya sa a rushe daya abu a cikin wani zafi za a iya tunawa da saki. Na'am, akwai wani halakar da crystal raga da haka, da makamashi ciyar da bayani da aka ko dai sanyaya, ko saki da lalata saboda wuce haddi makamashi da sunadarai shaidu. Amma don bayyana ba shi yiwuwa, saboda ya rage m gazawar inji daga mahangar gargajiya ka'idar. Idan ka'idar amfani da sinadaran bayani, ya bayyana cewa sauran ƙarfi kwayoyin a cikin cavities wedging grilles, halaka ta a ciki, kamar yadda "wasan zorro" ions baya solvate harsashi.

A na gaba sashe za mu dubi abin da solubility da kuma duk abin da alaka da wannan alama sauki, kuma da ilhama darajar.

A ra'ayi na solubility

Lamirinsu bayyana cewa solubility nuna yadda kyau a abu narkar da a ba sauran ƙarfi. Duk da haka, yanayin da solute da muka sani shi ne yawanci kadan. Me ya sa, ga misali, alli ba narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma gishiri - a kan m? All al'amari ne a cikin ƙarfi daga cikin shaidu a cikin kwayoyin. Idan shaidu masu karfi, shi ne saboda wannan, wadannan barbashi ba zai iya dissociate cikin ions, game da shi lalata crystal. Saboda haka ya zauna insoluble.

Solubility - shi ne mai gwada yawa halayyar nuna abin da sulusi da murabba'i na solute ne a cikin nau'i na solvated barbashi. Its darajar ya dogara da yanayin da solute da sauran ƙarfi. Solubility a ruwa don daban-daban abubuwa ne daban-daban, dangane da shaidu tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin. Abubuwa da covalent shaidu da sosai low solubility, yayin da ionic - mafi girma.

Amma ba ko da yaushe zai yiwu su fahimci abin da darajar da solubility na babban da abin da ke kananan. Saboda haka, na gaba sashe zai tattauna abin da yake cikin solubility na daban-daban abubuwa a ruwa.

kwatanta

A yanayi, akwai mai yawa na ruwa kaushi. More wanzu madadin abubuwa wanda zai iya zama a matsayin latest kan kai wani yanayi, kamar a wasu jihohi na tari. A fili yake cewa idan tattara bayanai a kan solubility a juna kowane biyu "da narkar da abu - da sauran ƙarfi" bai isa ba ga dukan zamanai, saboda shi dai itace babbar yawan haduwa. Saboda haka, shi ya faru da cewa a duniya a duniya da sauran ƙarfi da kuma misali ne ruwa. Mun yi shi domin shi ne ya fi kowa a duniya.

Saboda haka, tebur na ruwa solubility saboda mutane da yawa dubban daruruwan abubuwa da aka kõma sama. Mun duk gani da shi, amma a cikin wani gajeren da kuma m form. Kwayoyin na tebur suna rubũtacce haruffa ake sanya narkewa abu da yake insoluble ko dan kadan mai narkewa. Amma akwai wani more musamman tebur ga waɗanda suka yi tsanani fahimci sunadarai. Akwai azãbar lamba darajar nuna solubility a grams da lita na bayani.

Yanzu bari mu juya zuwa ka'idar irin wannan abu a matsayin solubility.

solubility sunadarai

Ta yaya ne tsari na rushe kanta, mun riga aka tattauna a bangarorin da suka gabata. Amma a nan ne yadda, misali, don rubuta shi duka a cikin wani nau'i na dauki? Duk abin da yake ba haka ba ne mai sauki. Alal misali, ta rushe da acid dauki auku hydrogen ion hulda da ruwa da nunawa hydronium ion, H ₃ Ya ^+. Saboda haka, domin HCI dauki lissafi zai zama:

HCI + H ₂ Ya = H ₃ Ya ^{+ +} CL ^-

Solubility na salts, dangane da tsarin, kamar yadda ƙaddara da ta sinadaran dauki. karshe form dogara da gishiri tsarin da shaidu a cikin ta kwayoyin.

Mu fitar da siffa yadda za a yi rikodin graphically da solubility na salts a ruwa. Yanzu lokaci ya zo m amfani.

aikace-aikace

Idan ka lissafa waɗannan lokuta inda wannan darajar wajibi ne, bai isa ba ga wani karni. A kaikaice, ta hanyar amfani da shi ba za ka iya lissafta da sauran dabi'u da suke da muhimmanci sosai ga binciken da wani bayani. Ba tare da shi mu kuwa ba mu san ainihin taro na abu, ta aiki ba zai iya tantance ko da miyagun ƙwayoyi zai warkar ko kashe wani mutum (har ma da ruwa ne unsafe zuwa rayuwa a cikin manyan yawa).

Bugu da kari ga sinadaran masana'antu da kimiyya dalilai, fahimtar da solubility wajibi ne ma a cikin gida. Wani lokaci yana so ne ya nuna, sai ka ce, wani supersaturated bayani da wani abu. Alal misali, shi ne zama dole don samar da gishiri lu'ulu'u ga aikin gida yaro. Sanin solubility na gishiri a cikin ruwa, za mu iya samun sauƙin sanin nawa shi ake bukata don cika a wani jirgin ruwa, shi zai fara zuwa precipitate da kuma siffar lu'ulu'u daga wani overabundance.

Kafin kammala mu takaice dai yawon shakatawa a cikin sunadarai, bari mu magana game da 'yan Concepts alaka da solubility.

Abin da kuma shi ne mai ban sha'awa?

A cikin ra'ayi, idan kun kai wannan sashe, ku yiwuwa riga ya san cewa solubility - shi ne ba kawai wani m sinadaran yawa. Shi ne kafuwar ga sauran yawa. Daga cikin su: da natsuwa, ayyuka, da dissociation akai, PH. Kuma wannan ba wani cikakken jerin. Ka yiwuwa ji a kalla daya daga wadannan kalmomi. Ba tare da wannan ilimi, da yanayin da mafita, da nazarin wanda ya fara da aka rushe, ba za mu iya kwatanta zamani sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Abin da ya aikata kimiyyar lissafi? Wani lokaci kimiyyar lissafi kuma hulda da mafita, auna su conductance, da kuma amfani da su da sauran kaddarorin zuwa dace da bukatun.

ƙarshe

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu hadu da sinadaran Concepts kamar solubility. Yana dole ne ya kasance quite amfani bayanai, kamar yadda mafi yawancin mu iya ganin zurfin jigon da ka'idar mafita, da ciwon bashi da marmarin ya nutsad da kansu a daki-daki, a cikin binciken. A cikin wani hali shi ne taimako sosai ga horar da kwakwalwarka, koyan wani sabon abu. Bayan wani rayuwa wani mutum dole ne "karatu, da nazari, da kuma nazarin sake."