Tarihin muhalli. Geochronological tebur

An yi imanin cewa duniya tana bukatar shekaru biliyan bakwai ya zama abin da muka sani da gani a yau. A cikin tsawon lokacin da yake kasancewa, duniyarmu ta tara abubuwan asiri masu ban sha'awa, musamman ma game da tushensa na farko. Masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya, suna nazarin ƙwayar ƙasa, sun tattara bayanai game da dukan manyan canje-canjen da suka faru a duniya. Wadannan bayanan ana rarraba cikin tsari na lokaci-lokaci kuma an kira su tarihin muhalli.

Tushen da ci gaba

A lokacin da koyarwar addini na aikin allahntaka ya kasance rinjaye, wanda ya kasance a cikin halittar duniya, akwai ra'ayi game da matasan duniya da kuma duniya baki daya (an yi imani cewa an kafa su a lokaci ɗaya don a zahiri kwana biyu game da shekaru 6 da suka wuce) . Wannan ra'ayi bai yarda da ita ba daga zamanin d ¯ a kafin bayyanarwar da kuma ci gaba da bunkasa irin wannan ilimin kimiyyar kamar astronomy, ilmin kimiyya da ilmin lissafi.

A tsawon lokaci, masu tunani na tsoho da masana kimiyya da suka rayu a Renaissance sun nuna ra'ayinsu, ra'ayinsu mafi kyau, game da yadda aka kafa duniya. Bisa ga ra'ayinsu, bisa ga sauye-sauye da yawa a cikin ƙasa da ciki na duniyar, tarihin kasancewarsa ya fi shekaru dubu shida. Masana kimiyya na zamani daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun yanke shawarar cewa an kafa duniya a sama da shekaru biliyan hudu da suka shude. Ya kamata a faɗi cewa ba kowa da kowa ya yarda da wannan sanarwa ba, saboda sun gaskata cewa wannan adadi ya yi yawa.

Duniya na duniya BC

Wannan ra'ayi na wucin gadi ya zama sananne ne saboda Bede da Venerable - Bentictine monk. Ya yi amfani da kalmomin "zamaninmu" da "BC" a cikin rubutunsa, bayan haka, daga 731, mafi yawan ƙasashen Yammacin Turai suka canza zuwa kalanda tare da irin wannan ƙidayar. Wadannan canje-canje sun shafi tasirin tarihi, wanda aka raba zuwa kashi biyu marasa daidaito. Na farko, tsohon zamani, ya mamaye duniya fiye da na biyu, domin a wannan lokacin ne asali da ci gaban yanayi suka faru daga kananan kwayoyin halittu zuwa manyan tuddai.

Land BC samu wani shafe tsawon da kuma gagarumin canje-canje domin ya haifar da wani zamani mutumin da ya fi dadi mai rai yanayi. Nazarin lokaci mai tsawo game da ɓaren duniya ya ba da dama ga masana kimiyya su samar da wani ra'ayi na gaba game da kafawar duniyarmu duka da haihuwar rayuwa.

Precambrian

Shirin geochronological ya fara ne da Precambrian aeon, wanda ya kasance a duniya daga biliyan 4.5 zuwa miliyan 600 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin, ƙaddamar da ƙwayar ƙasa, da kuma daga baya - ruwa da ƙasa. Ayyukan wutar lantarki mai aiki ya gudana a cikin ko'ina.

Qatarhei

Wannan lokaci ana kiran shi daya daga cikin sassa uku na Precambrian. Wannan shi ne mai kuskure, tun da Qatar ba shi da wani abu da zai yi da wanda yake gaba da shi. A wannan lokacin babu alamu na aikin volcanic, amma a maimakon haka, hamada ta shahara a saman duniya.

A zamanin Katarchei Aeon akwai sa'o'i shida. Wannan lokacin ya kasance tare da girgizar asa da ke da sauƙi daga filin. Sa'an nan kuma yankin ƙasar ya rufe shi da tsarin mulki - abu ne na ainihi mai launin launin toka.

Archaean

Marubucin wannan lokacin a 1872 na ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyyar Amurka. Archei ya bambanta da Katarchean ta bayyanar rushewa da kuma yawan tsaunuka. A lokacin Archean eon, wanda ya kai shekaru biliyan 2.5, tsarin juyin halitta ya fara a duniya.

Duk da cewa babu wani yanayin yanayi, kwayoyin anaerobic sun bayyana, wanda ya wanzu idan babu oxygen. Irin wadannan albarkatu irin su sulfur, baƙin ƙarfe, nickel da graphite sun samo asali ne daga aikin na farkon rayayyun halittu.

Proterozoic

Eon na ma'aunan kasa events alama da samuwar ake kira zafi Baikalian nadawa. Bayan lokaci, sun juya zuwa kananan duwatsu. Dutsen na Proterozoic sun kasance masu arziki a cikin ƙarfe, mota da ƙananan ƙarfe. Game da samuwar rai, wannan yanayi yana bayyana da bayyanar kananan kwayoyin halitta, fungi da algae. A ƙarshen Proterozoic, bayyanar mollusks da tsutsotsi.

Hakan kuma, Proterozoic ya haɗa da haɗin lokaci uku:

• A ƙarshen Paleoproterozoic a cikin yanayi, haɗin oxygen na halin yanzu yana faruwa.

• A lokacin mesoproterozoic, wanda ya ƙunshi potassium, ectasia da stenosis, sun kai ga mafi girma a ci gaban algae da kwayoyin. Daga wasu lokuta, ana bambanta Proterozoic ta lokacin sanyi, lokacin da yawancin duniya suka rufe kankara.

• Neoproterozoic ya haɗa da matakai uku: tonic, cryogeny da adiocaria. Lokaci na zamanin suna nunawa da samuwar nahiyar na farko - Rodinia, wanda faɗarsa ta rabu da wuri.

Phanerozoic

Wannan shi ne ya kammala tsarin geochronological. Phanerozoic yana nuna lokacin bayyanar yawan adadin halittu da suke da skeleton ma'adinai. Tsohon Proterozoic eon ana kiransa ɓoyayye, saboda ba a samo alamun rayuwa mai tasowa ba a wannan lokacin.

A lokacin Phanerozoic, akwai manyan abubuwa masu yawa kamar yadda fashewar Cambrian (kimanin shekaru 540 da suka wuce), da kuma manyan abubuwa 5 masu rai a tarihin duniya.

Epochs na Phanerozoic Eon

Na farko na sassa uku na Phanerozoic an san shi da Paleozoic. An yi la'akari da tarihin rayuwar duniyar kuma an raba kashi bakwai:

• Cambrian ne halin da samuwar yanayi. An tsara jerin nazarin halittu na wannan lokaci ba tare da canje-canje a wuri mai faɗi, maimakon haka, asalin nau'in dabba na zamani ya faru.

• Ordovician. A wannan lokaci, yanayi mai dadi ya yada a duniya, ciki har da Antarctica. Har ila yau, akwai raguwa mai zurfi na ƙasa da fitowar kifi.

• Silurian ne halin da samuwar m tekuna da kuma m Shefela.

• Devon muhimmi lokacin da ya faru na gandun daji da kuma na farko halittar dabba mai kafafuwa.

• Lower carbon bambanta muhimmanci baza sharks da kuma ferns.

• Upper da kuma Middle Carboniferous.

• Perm - a lokacin da extinctions faru mafi tsoho dabbobi.

Mezozoic - Phanerozoic eon biyu rabo wanda qunshi uku lokaci: da Triassic, Jurassic da kuma alli. Wannan lokacin shine halin bayyanar, ci gaba da ƙarancin dinosaur da tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. Yawan nazarin nazarin halittu na Mesozoic suna alama ne ta bakin teku mai zurfi da ke kewaye da yankin yammacin Amurka da sassa na Turai. A wannan lokacin akan duniya an fara gina katako da bishiyoyi na farko.

Sashi na uku na Phanerozoic eon ana kira Cenozoic, ko lokacin mambobi. A halin yanzu, zamanin rayuwa mai rai ya kasu kashi biyu:

• Mai zurfi. Yawancin lokacin yana nuna yanayin yanayi mai dadi, ci gaba da tsinkaye da kuma rashin daidaituwa kuma a lokaci guda mummunar tsofaffin dabbobi. Ƙunƙun daji na yada zuwa matsakaicin iyakar duniya. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 25 da suka wuce, sambobi sun bayyana. Bayan ɗan lokaci, a zamanin Pliocene, mutanen farko suka tashi.

• Quaternary Phase yana hudu kankara shekaru daban-daban. A wannan lokacin, bacewar dabbobi masu girma da kuma fitowar mutane. A ƙarshen zamani na hudu, yanayin ya samo asali. Daga lokaci na ƙarshe, an kafa mutum na gaba cikin dukan duniya, wanda ya kasance har zuwa yanzu.