Wanda shi ne na farko Turai don isa tekun na Australia?

An sani cewa mulkin mallaka na Australia ya fara da godiya ga binciken James Cook. Shi ya sanar da sabon ƙasar mallakar da Crown, ya ba da sunayen capes da bays, tsara da bakinta nahiyar. Amma, ba shakka, abubuwa ne ba haka sauki. A farko Turawa isa bakin tekun na Australia ba Cook. Ya yi yawa magabata, tashi flag daga cikin manyan sojin ruwa iko na lokaci: Portugal, Spain da Netherlands.

Terra Australis

Ko a zamanin da, Turawa sun gane cewa a cikin Southern Hemisphere, ya zama nahiyar, daidaita da Arewa Hemisphere. Wannan yanci nahiyar kasance wani tushen wahayi zuwa ga explorers, kuma cartographers. A wani kokarin wadãtar da Turawa aka fatan cewa Terra Australis zai zama mai arziki da kuma m. Amma ba su yi ƙoƙari wani niyya search: gaskiyar cewa high latitudes bai alkawari wani abu mai kyau matuƙan. Sun kasance sũ ne sanannen domin su m hadari, da kuma wani daya swam a nufin. Bugu da kari ga hadari da mariners suka ji tsoro daga cikin m hazo. An karshen, mai yiwuwa, su ne dalilin da cewa Australia da aka gano daga baya fiye da kewaye tsibirin.

yawan

Lokacin da tunani game da wanda farko isa gaba na Australia, shi ya sa hankalta to ambaci Aborigines wanda zaunar da nahiyar game da 40,000 da suka wuce. Da kakanninsu suka daga kasashen Asiya da sun iya matsawa zuwa Australia domin a cikin waɗancan kwanaki ƙasar da wani dan kadan daban-daban siffar. Daga bisani, 'yan asalin kasar Australia da aka ware daga sauran kasashen duniya, da al'adunsu ya samo asali sosai a hankali. Saboda haka, Turai nasara a daya murya ya kira su "zullumi."

Wanda farko isa bakin tekun na Australia?

A farkon 16th karni, Portuguese mulkin mallaka ƙware da Sunda Islands. Mazauna wurin gaya musu ƙasashe kwance zuwa kudu-maso-gabas. A Portuguese komai a fili a kan arewa maso yammacin gaba na nahiyar, yayi nazari su kuma same shi a banza. Wasu shaida da suka tsaya a nan sun bar: 'yan ƙarni a kan gaba na Roebuck Bay samu Portuguese bindigogi.

A cikin tsakiyar karni na 16th, an gano wani sabon ƙasa a zumunta kusanci - Papua (New Guinea). Duk da tsibiran da ake samu a wadannan latitudes (yawanci da hatsari), aka gane a matsayin wani ɓangare na Unknown Kudu Land, amma ba da Portuguese kuma Spanish ba sabon ƙasa mamaki. A gaba sun kuma mai tsanani, da kuma mutane - talakawa. Ko da yake babban yankin dake gabar teku line an partially tsara, tarihi bai kiyaye da sunan kyaftin, wanda shi ne na farko Turai don isa tekun na Australia.

The ayyuka na Gabas India Company

By lokacin da search for Terra Australis sha'awar Dutch, Spanish navigators (Mendanya, Quiros da Torres) gano tsibirin Santa Cruz, kazalika da Marquesas kuma da Solomon Islands, da kuma tabbatar da cewa New Guinea Kudancin Duniya ne ba. A farkon 17th karni, Dutch kãma Portuguese Sunda Islands, kafa Gabas India Company da kuma tafiyar da harkokin ciniki tare da India da kudancin Asiya.

Darussan cewa Dutch jiragen ruwa sun kasance a cikin Asian mazauna, ceton da yawa lokaci, a Bugu da kari, sa mun gwada kusa ga misali ta Kudu Land, wanda da Dutch rayayye nemi. An yi imani da cewa na farko da Turawa isa bakin tekun na Australia Dutch kyaftin Willem Janszoon. Wannan hujja da shirin gaskiya shaida. Mazauna Cape York Larabawa hadu matuƙan Yanszon fiye da m, da kuma kyaftin gaggãwa zuwa gudãna. Wannan ya faru a 1606.

sailing Tasman

Duk da mummunan reviews Yanszon sabon qasa da mazaunanta, da Gabas India Company ci gaba da aika da jiragen ruwa a cikin gida ruwaye. A sabon gwamnan Batavia (Jakarta) - Anton Van Diemen - izini a 1642 da Abel Tasman a duk abin da ya samu sabuwar ƙasar.

Duk da hadari, da jirãge kai gaba na Tasman abinsa lafiya na gaba tsibirin, wanda aka mai suna Van Diemen ta Land, kuma bayan shekaru sake masa suna Tasmania. Habila ya sanar da hurumin Dutch, amma bai fahimci cewa kafin shi - wani tsibirin ko da wani ɓangare na nahiyar. Sa'an nan, ya gano New Zealand, wanda Turawa ba su san wani abu, da kuma Tonga, kuma Fiji. An gano cewa duk baya sami Islands ne ba da wani ɓangare na ɓangaren duniya, conventionally kira "New Holland". Iyakoki na unknown Kudu Land janye m kudu.

Dampier a Australia

Tanã gudãna Tasman sun marasa amfani baki ɗaya. Bugu da kari, a cikin tsakiyar 17th karni, da Netherlands ya sha fama da jerin kashi da Ingila da kuma rasa ta high matsayi. Nazarin na kudancin teku yi da Birtaniya. Daga cikin wadannan, da farko ya kai gaba na Australia, William Dampier. Ya sau biyu tanã gudãna zuwa Australia (New Holland) sanya wani binciken na arewa maso yammacin gaci, kuma ya rubuta littattafai biyu game da shi. Godiya a gare su, wani sabon nahiyar zama sananne ga duniya (da Dutch duk sun gudanar da binciken kiyaye asirin).

Cook ta farko tafiya

Lieutenant Dzheyms Kuk ya zama shahararren domin ikon kewayawa da cartography. Saboda haka, yana da gwamnatin Birtaniya tafi gano New Zealand da kewaye. Duk da haka, a hukumance, yana da kawai don tsayar da Venus wucewa fadin hasken rana faifai (wannan taron shi ne na sha'awa to ilmin Taurari). Bugu da kari, James izini a "gungumen azaba daga" dukan ƙasashe gano by shi. Lokacin da Cook kai Australia, shi ne shekara 1770. The balaguro karatu fiye da 1,600 km gabas ƙirin. Waɗannan ƙasashe leftana kira New South Wales.

Da dama yana kokarin muhimmanci harbors ya matuƙan hoisted Birtaniya flag. Cook kuma gano da kuma nazarin Great Shamaki Reef kuma gano cewa, New Zealand da aka kafa ta biyu tsibiran.

muhimmanci binciken

Lokacin da Dzheyms Kuk kai Australia, ya sauka a bay, daga baya da aka sani da o Bay. A nan, Birtaniya ga kyau shuke-shuke da dabbobi da aka ba a samu a gida kasashen. An yi imani da cewa bay an mai suna o Bay a kan himma daga cikin jirgin ta kimiyyar Banks. A wannan lokaci, 'yan wasan nan da nan fara rikice-rikice da' yan asalin yawan jama'a. A gaskiya, Birtaniya mulkin mallaka na Australia ya fara da lalata gida mazauna, wanda a kwanakin nan aka dauke su na baya.

Ba da nisa sosai daga o Bay, Cook samu wani sosai dace harbor, wanda, ba shakka, gwamnati ce. Daga baya ya je farko a cikin wani sabon nahiyar birni - Sydney. Matuƙan tafi tare da gabas Coast, sa'an nan taso keya da kuma arewa. Cook ya sunayen duk da muhimmanci wurare da kuma kusantar taswira na bakin gabar teku. Birtaniya bai damu ba wanda shi ne na farko da ya isa bakin tekun na Australia. Su da muhimmanci, to bushãra da awarding na wadannan yankuna. Sai suka bar dukan dalĩlin zaman, hoisting flags da hankali rubuce sunã aikatãwa.

Sakamako Cook tafiya

James koma zuwa gaba na New Zealand a lokacin na gaba tafiya, amma a Australia ba komai a fili. Ya aiki ya tabbatar da cewa da m Kudancin nahiyar har yanzu akwai shi. Kuma a lokacin da Cook kai Australian Coast, ya riga ya sani, sabanin da suke a gabãninsu, wanda aka located in New Holland, da kuma ba wani wuri dabam.

Jirãge haye Arctic Circle, da kuma tafi ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda ya high latitudes, wanda ya gana da fakitin kankara da kuma icebergs. Cook sanya ma'ana ƙarshe cewa idan Kudancin nahiyar, da kuma a can ne, sa'an nan ba za ka iya samun to shi, da kuma amfani da shi ne ba, kamar yadda ya rufe a kankara.

Kamar yadda na Australia, ta riga shekaru 17 bayan ta bude a o Bay jirgin zo tare da zargi daga Ingila, wanda ya fara sabon rayuwa a nan.

binciken

Ba za mu iya ce yaƙĩni wanda farko Turawa isa bakin tekun na Australia, amma sai aka ba Cook. Its abin yabo ne cewa ya kusan bude nahiyar sake, yayi nazari shi a hankali, da kuma paved hanya domin m mulkin mallaka.