A ciki juriya na da ikon samar. Resistance - da dabara

A lantarki halin yanzu a cikin shugaba na faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da wani lantarki filin haddasawa caje barbashi zuwa sako-sako da a cikin shugabanci na tafiya. Samar da wani barbashi halin yanzu - wata babbar matsala. Don gina wani na'ura da za su kula da bambanci tsakanin iko da filin a wannan jiha na dogon lokaci - a aiki da tabbatar da ikon bil'adama sai ƙarshen XVIII karni.

A farko yunkurin

A farko yunkurin "ajiye wutar lantarki" domin fadada bincike da kuma yin amfani da aka sanya a cikin Netherlands. Jamus Ewald Jurgen von Kleist da Dutchman Pieter van Musschenbroek wanda gudanar da bincike a garin Leiden, ya halicci duniya ta farko capacitor, daga baya ya kira "Leyden jar".

Jari na wutar lantarki da aka riga aka gudanar da inji gogayya. Yi amfani da sallama ta hanyar da shugaba iya ga wasu, fairly takaice, lokaci-lokaci.

Nasarar adam m a kan irin ephemeral abu, kamar wutar lantarki, ya juyin juya halin Musulunci.

Abin baƙin ciki, da sallama (lantarki samar capacitor) dade haka short cewa halitta kai tsaye halin yanzu iya ba. Bugu da kari, da irin ƙarfin lantarki da aka ba da capacitor hankali rage-rage, abin da ya fita ba da damar samun ci gaba a halin yanzu.

Mun ya sami wata hanya dabam.

A farko tushen

Italian Galvani gwaje-gwajen a kan nazarin "dabba da wutar lantarki" an asali ƙoƙari sami wata halitta tushen ikon a yanayi. Rataye kafafu shirye rana a kan ƙarfe hooks baƙin ƙarfe grate, ya kusantar da hankali ga halayyar martani na jijiya endings.

Duk da haka, da karshe Galvani karyata wani Italian - Alessandro Volta. Intrigued da yiwuwar samar da wutar lantarki daga dabbobi kwayoyin, shi gudanar da wani jerin gwaje-gwajen da frogs. Amma ƙarshe shi ne cikakken m da ya gabata na shiriritar.

Volts aka lura da cewa a rai gabar ne kawai wani nuna alama na lantarki sallama. Lokacin da na yanzu kafafu tsokoki kwangila, na nuna yuwuwar bambanci. Madogararsa na lantarki filin juya jũna karfe lamba. The m baya su ne a wani adadin sinadaran abubuwa, da girma da sakamako.

A faranti na jũna karafa aza takarda fayafai impregnated da electrolyte bayani, da samar da wani dogon lokaci ake bukata m bambanci. Kuma ko da shi ne low (1.1 V), amma lantarki halin yanzu za a iya karatu na dogon lokaci. Babban abu ne cewa irin ƙarfin lantarki da aka sa akai kamar yadda dogon.

Abin da ke faruwa

Me ya sa a cikin kafofin, da ake kira "electrochemical Kwayoyin", kira wannan sakamako?

Biyu karfe wayoyin sanya shi a cikin insulator, wasa daban-daban matsayin. Daya kai electrons, da sauran na'am da su. Tsari redox dauki take kaiwa zuwa wani wuce haddi na electrons a daya lantarki, wanda aka kira wani mummunan iyakacin duniya, da kuma na biyu Laifi, denoted matsayin m tushen m.

A mafi sauki galvanic cell hadawan abu da iskar shaka halayen faruwa a daya lantarki, restorative - a kan sauran. A electrons zo a wayoyin daga waje ɓangare na kewaye. A electrolyte ne shugaba na yanzu a ciki da ion Madogararsa. juriya da karfi jagorancin tsawon lokacin tsari.

Copper-Tutiya kashi

Ka'idar aiki na electrochemical Kwayoyin ban sha'awa a yi la'akari da misali da wani jan-tutiya galvanic cell mataki wanda ke kan makamashi tutiya da jan karfe sulfate. Wannan tushen na jan karfe farantin aka sanya a cikin wani bayani na jan karfe sulfate, wani tutiya lantarki da aka nutsa cikin wani tutiya sulfate bayani. A mafita aka raba porous kushin don kauce wa hadawa, amma ba dole ba m.

Idan kewaye da aka rufe, da farfajiya Layer na tutiya da aka oxidized. A kan aiwatar da hulda da tutiya atoms ruwa juya a cikin ions bayyana a cikin bayani. A lantarki, electrons an saki, wanda zai iya shiga a cikin samuwar halin yanzu.

Samun a kan jan lantarki, da electrons suna da hannu a cikin raguwa dauki. Daga bayani uwa da surface Layer na jan karfe ions zo a cikin dawo da tsarin da suke tuba a cikin kwayoyin halitta na jan ajiye a kan jan farantin.

Takaita abin da ke faruwa: tsari aiki na tantanin halitta yana tare da mika mulki electron reductant zuwa oxidant na m ɓangare na sarkar. Halayen faruwa a biyu wayoyin. Tu tushen gudana ion halin yanzu.

haduwar amfani

A ka'ida, kowace daga cikin yiwu redox halayen za a iya amfani da batura. Amma da abubuwa da iya aiki a cikin Securities na fasaha abubuwa, ba sosai. Haka kuma, da yawa halayen bukatar tsada kayan halin kaka.

Modern batura da sauki tsarin. Biyu wayoyin an sanya shi a cikin daya electrolyte ciko da jirgin ruwa - wani baturi hali. Irin wannan zane fasali rage wuya da tsarin da kuma rage farashin da batura.

Duk wani electrochemical cell zai iya haifar da wani kai tsaye halin yanzu.

DC juriya ba da damar duk da ions lokaci guda kunna wayoyin, don haka naúrar aiki na dogon lokaci. Chemical halayen nuna ions ƙarshe kare kashi ne fuskantarsu.

A ciki juriya na da ikon samar da shi ne muhimmanci.

A kadan daga juriya

A amfani da wutar lantarki yanzu, babu shakka, ya kawo kimiyya da fasaha ci gaba zuwa wani sabon matakin, ba shi da wata babbar goyon baya. Amma da ƙarfin da juriya ga halin yanzu kwarara samun a cikin hanyar irin wannan ci gaban.

A daya hannun, da wutar lantarki yanzu yana invaluable Properties amfani a cikin gida da kuma Technology, a kan sauran - akwai wani babba juriya. Physics a matsayin kimiyya da yanayi ne da kokarin yi dũka a balance, ya jitu da wadannan yanayi.

yanzu juriya taso daga interplay na electrically caje barbashi tare da wani abu to su wadda aka yi motsi. Kebe wannan tsari a yanayinsa yanayi, ba shi yiwuwa.

juriya

A ciki juriya halin yanzu tushen da kuma jure waje sassa na kewaye da dama daban-daban yanayi, amma daidai a cikin wadannan matakai ne da zira kwallon aiki da motsi cajin.

The aikin kanta dogara kawai a kan kaddarorin da tushen da abun ciki: halaye na wayoyin da electrolyte, kazalika da wa waje kewaye raka'a, da juriya da wanda ya dogara a kan lissafi sigogi da kuma sinadaran Properties na littattafai. Alal misali, da juriya na karfe waya qara tare da tsawon da kuma rage-rage tare da tsawo bangaranci yankin. A warware matsalar, da yadda za a rage da juriya da Physics bada shawarar yin amfani da musamman kayan.

yanzu Jobs

A daidai da dokar Joule a conductors kasaftawa adadin zafi ne na gwargwado ga juriya. Idan yawa zafi Q nuna a fakaice _EXT. , A halin yanzu ƙarfi I, a kwarara a lokacin t, mun samu:

• Q _EXT. = Ina ^{2 ·} r · t,

inda r - da ciki juriya na da ikon samar.

A cikin dukan kewaye ciki har da duka na ciki da kuma na waje sassa, jimlar adadin zafi ne alama, da dabara na wanda shi ne:

• Q _total = I ^{2 ·} r · t + Na ^{2 ·} R · t = I ^{2 ·} (R + R) · t,

An sani kamar yadda denoted a kimiyyar lissafi juriya: waje kewaye (duk abubuwa fãce tushen) yana mai juriya da R.

Ohm da dokar ta ga cikakken sarkar

La'akari da cewa mafi yawan aiki a waje sojojin sa yanzu Madogararsa. Its girma shi ne daidaita da samfurin na cajin ɗauke da filin, da kuma electromotive karfi source:

• q · E = I ² · (R + R) · t.

da sanin cewa cajin ne daidaita da samfurin halin yanzu ƙarfi a lokacin da ya faru, muna da:

• E = I · (r + R).

A daidai da dalili-da-sakamako dangantaka Ohm ta dokar aka bai da:

• I = E: (r + R).

A halin yanzu ƙarfi a cikin rufaffiyar kewaye EMF ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga ikon tushen da kuma inversely na gwargwado ga sauran (total) kewaye da juriya.

Bisa ga wannan abin kwaikwaya, shi ne zai yiwu domin sanin ciki da juriya da kuma na yanzu Madogararsa.

The sallama tushen capacitance

A babba halaye na kafofin kuma iya hada sallama iya aiki. Matsakaicin yawa na wutar lantarki samu a lõkacin da aiki a karkashin wani yanayi, dangane da sallama halin yanzu.

A manufa hali, a lokacin da wasu approximations ake yi, da sallama damar za a iya daukan m.

Ga misali, da misali baturi ne 1.5 V m bambancin yana da wani sallama damar 0.5 Ah. Idan sallama halin yanzu shi ne 100 MA, to, shi sarrafa for 5 hours.

Hanyar for caji batir

Operation da baturin take kaiwa zuwa su sallama. Farfadowa da na'ura na baturi caji kananan abubuwa da aka yi tare da na yanzu wanda ikon darajar ne kasa da daya cikin goma na tushen ganga.

Wadannan caji hanyoyin:

• da yin amfani da akai yanzu ga wani qaddara lokaci (game da 16 hours 0.1 halin yanzu damar baturi).
• ragewan da caji yanzu zuwa wani qaddara darajar da m bambanci.
• Yi amfani da asymmetrical igiyoyin.
• m aikace-aikace na gajeren hatsaisai caji da dakatar da, a cikin abin da na farko shi ne mafi girma daga biyu.

m aiki

Samarwa aiki: ƙayyade da ciki juriya na tushen halin yanzu da kuma EMF.

Domin da aiwatar bukatar da za a ajiye ta na yanzu source, wani ammeter, voltmeter, slide rheostat, a key sa na conductors.

Amfani Ohm ta doka ga wata rufaffiyar kewaye zai ƙayyade ciki juriya na yanzu Madogararsa. Don yin wannan, dole ne ka san EMF darajar da rheostat juriya.

Lasafta halin yanzu juriya dabara a cikin matsanancin ɓangare na sarkar za a iya ƙaddara daga Ohm ta Law for subcircuit:

• I = U: R,

inda na - yanzu a cikin matsanancin kewaye, an auna ta an ammeter. U - ƙarfin lantarki a waje resistor.

Don inganta daidaito na ji sanya ta a kalla 5 sau. Abin da yake yi? A auna a lokacin gwaji irin ƙarfin lantarki, juriya, yanzu (more daidai, yanzu) suna amfani da nan.

Don sanin electromotive da karfi da iko source, amfani da gaskiyar cewa irin ƙarfin lantarki a fadin ta tashoshi a lokacin bude jannayẽnsa kusan daidai da EMF.

Tunzura sarkar na jerin-da alaka da batura, resistors, ammeter key. A tashoshi na yanzu tushen gama a voltmeter. Disconnecting canji, cire da shaidarsa.

A ciki juriya, wanda dabara aka samu daga Ohm ta doka ga jimlar kewaye, ayyana ilmin lissafi lissafin:

• I = E: (r + R).
• r = E: I - U: I.

Ma'aunai nuna cewa ciki juriya ne da yawa karami fiye da m.

A m aiki da baturin da baturin yana da fadi da aikace-aikace. Undeniable muhalli aminci lantarki Motors iya zama babu shakka, amma don ƙirƙirar capacious baturi, ergonomic - matsalar na zamani kimiyyar lissafi. Its yanke shawara zai kai ga wani sabon zagaye na ci gaba na mota da fasaha.

Karamin, hur, high-iya aiki da batura kuma suke da muhimmanci a cikin mobile na'urorin lantarki. samar da makamashi a yi amfani da su ne kai tsaye da alaka da aiki na samfur.