Wanda yake mallakar bayan Paul 1 a Rasha. Shugabanni na Rasha

A farkon da XIX karni da Rasha kursiyin uka buga: Maris da dare a cikin 1801 wani rukuni na masu gadi maƙarƙashiya karkashin jagorancin St. Petersburg gwamnan-janar da kuma shugaban asirin 'yan sanda PA Palen shiga ɗakunan ajiya na Sarkin sarakuna Paul Petrovich, ya kashe shi, sa'an nan da aikata wani juyin mulki a a sakamakon wanda ya koma zuwa ga kursiyin da na ɗan, da sarkin sarakuna Alexander.

Sarauta, wanda ya fara da kashe

Uwa na kashe sarki - Catherine II - ya so ya yi shi wani magaji na ya m manufofi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babban malama Paul ya Panin - an yi fice dattaku a lokacinsa. Amma rabo hukunta in ba haka ba. Paul so ya ci gaba da layi. Ya yi girman kai, kuma m, kamar mutane da yawa Rasha shugabanni. A zamanin mulkin wannan monarch ya short-rayu, amma ya ga gaci da janar ƙiyayya.

Ga jarumi gadi ba sabon kifar da kursiyin maras so shugabanni. Kuma wucin gadi ma'aikacin Biron da matasa Ivan VI Antonovich, m Sarkin Rasha, suna da hali a batu. Wani lokaci da suka aikata, kuma buga da ruhu daga cikin Tir monarch - da jini na kashe Tsar Peter III a hannayensu.

A gaba dayan tarihin takaice - da Bitrus 1 ga Nicholas 2 - cike da ganawarsu, kuma juyin mulki, amma a wannan yanayin akwai daya daki-daki, abin da ya ba da musamman hali kisan gilla. Akwai dalilin yi imani da cewa game mãkirci ya san cewa Bulus ya dan - magaji a kan karaga, Alexander. Har ma ba tare da halartar kaina aikata mugunta, ya zama, a cikin wannan harka, ko m, amma parricide, kuma wannan dare, Maris 12, 1801, da sauran rayuwarsa ƙone lamirinsa.

Alexander 1: A lokacin zamanin mulkin

Lokacin da kambi na Rasha Empire, da lashe shugaban Alexander I, ya kasance da ashirin da hudu shekaru. Duk da matasa, dole ne ya ci gaba da tunani, da kuma gudanar da wani jerin moderately-m sake fasalin. Bisa ga halin, Alexander wani wakilin haskaka absolutism, kamar kakarsa Catherine II. Ya ba encroach a kan karfi na serfdom, amma jingina da ci gaban gani a ilimi. A lokacin da ya 'yan gatan makarantun da aka bude, ciki har da sanannen Tsarskoye Selo lyceum.

Ta hanyar kokarin da matasa sarki aka canza kama zuwa wani tsarin na administrative shugabanci. A wurin da haihuwa katakan Bitrus, a kan Turai model, ta kafa wani hidima. Akwai aka ma ya yi wani real ƙoƙari ya ba wa batutuwa a kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma shi ya kasance ne kawai a cikin yawan da-manufar. Tuni a cikin rabi na biyu na zamanin Alexander ciyar da sake fasalin a cikin sojojin, kuma ru da wani sosai amfani da tsauraran matakan tsarin na jawo ra'ayinsu sananne Arakcheyev soja ƙauyuka.

Talented siyasa kuma wani mummunan shugaban

A zamanin mulkin wannan monarch fadi wannan zamanin na cikin Napoleonic yaƙe-yaƙe. Duk da cewa sojojin kafa a 1905 anti-Faransa kawance ƙa'ida gangarawa M. I. Kutuzov, dukan shawara da ake dauka da kaina da Iskandari, da kuma shi kayansa mãsu laifi ga da shan kashi na Rasha-Austria sojojin a Battle of Austerlitz. Ya kasance ba wani fitaccen soja shugaban, amma yana da kyauta da m siyasa.

Da basira da ta amfani da yanayin da ake ciki, da sarki ya kammala a 1808 wani m zaman lafiya tare da Napoleon. A lokacin wadannan shekaru, Rasha da aka a haɗe zuwa Finland, Bessarabia kuma Eastern Georgia. Duk da cewa sunan Alexander I, mu yi shirki, yafi tare da yaki na 1812, nasarar da ya samu na lashe iyaka, watakila kawai wani m siyasa da Napoleon da kuma wadanda ba tsangwama a cikin gwamnatin sojojin, brilliantly aiwatar M. I. Kutuzovym.

Mutuwa, ta haifi labari

Alexander 1, sarautar da aka tare da m cikin gida da kuma waje rayuwar siyasa na kasar, a karshen zamanin ne sau da yawa ya yi magana game da so zuwa abdicate da su bada kansu ga Allah. Wannan shi ne dalilin da cewa, bayan mutuwarsa, wanda ya bi a 1725 a lokacin tafiya zuwa Taganrog, akwai jita-jita, don tabbatar da cewa babban birnin kasar da aka kawo a akwatin gawa tare da wani jikin mutum, da kuma Sarkin sarakuna da kansa a cikin m gandun daji hermitages karkashin sunan dattijo Fyodor Kuzmich kafara don zunubi patricide cewa ashirin da hudu da suka wuce, ya tashe shi zuwa pinnacle na iko. Shin wannan version ne tushe - shi ne ba a sani ba ga wannan rana.

A sabon mulkin ya fara da fitina

Duk wanda yake mallakar bayan Paul 1 a Rasha, sun da wadanada na sabon Turai irin. Wannan cikakken zartuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas I, a 1825 don maye gurbin a kan gadon sarautar ɗan'uwansa. Duk da rigidity na gwamnatin muhimmi a gabashin despotism, ya yi aiki tukuru don ƙirƙirar a kasar fili streamlined administrative management system, ta amfani da m kwarewa na kasashen waje.

Kamar ɗan'uwansa, Nicholas I, da lakabi na "Sarkin sarakuna na Rasha" da aka yafa masa jini. Kuma a sake shi ne masu tsaron ƙofofi, da wannan lokaci a fili a kan Disamba 14 a majalisar dattijai Square na birnin kasar. Don kauda yiwu nan gaba matsaloli, Nicholas ya riƙi m matakan, kafa daga baya suna a matsayin gendarme da haɗẽwar haushi da 'yanci. A lokacin da aka kafa da sananne "Uku Sashen" - asirin 'yan sanda, don gudanar da wani dukkan-fita kula da adawa.

Ya kasashen waje da manufofin da aka a total tunani na ciki. Milestones a cikin tarihi na zamanin Nicholas na fara: da danniya na Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Hungarian yunkuri, yaki da Turkey na 1828-1829, da yaki da Farisa da, a karshe, wauta rasa Crimean yaƙin neman zaɓe kafin su isa karshen wanda ya mutu a kan Fabrairu 18, 1855 ..

Tsar-kawo canji

Daga cikin wadanda dokoki bayan Paul 1 a Rasha, ɗaukaka daga cikin mafi m kawo canji samu biye shafaffu da Allah - Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II. Ba kamar mahaifinsa, ya aka kokarin kawo wa kasar su ruhun yanci da humanism. A mafi matukar muhimmanci da ya yi ya na kauda tashe serfdom, ya yi kira a cikin 1861.

Bugu da kari, da tarihi na zamanin mulkinsa sun haɗa da: da kawar da soja ƙauyuka da kuma gyara daga cikin sojojin, mafi girma da kuma sakandare ilimi, kudi, da kuma adalci da kuma zemstvos. Da wuya wani daya daga waɗanda suka yi sarauta Rasha bayan Paul 1st, don haka ya iya canza da hoton da ke jihar, amma duk da haka wani mai girma kawo canji mutu a hannun nasu batutuwa. Yana da aka shirya ta bakwai yunkurin, wanda kwanan nan ya aikata ta Maris 1, 1881 a matsayin kungiyar 'yan ta'adda "Narodnaya Volya", kudin shi da ransa.

Sarki peacemaker da kuma counterreformers

Ɗansa, kuma Alexander, wanda ya hau gadon sarautar, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, samu da suka cancanta laƙabi da mutane sarki-kyautatãwa. A musamman harka a tarihi na Rasha autocracy - domin duk shekaru da ya yi mulki, kasar ta ba ta gudanar da wani yaki, kuma babu wani daga ta sojoji ya ba auku a fagen yaƙi. Gwargwadon imaninsu, Alexander III wani Slavophile kuma mai taimako ga "musamman hanya" na Rasha. Wannan ya kai shi ga aiwatar da yawan counter-gyare-gyare da nufin tsare da tushe na kasar tsohon ministan harkokin waje zuwa kasashen waje tsoma, rayuwa.

Ya shige daga gabãninku kai shekaru hamsin. Tare da wani iko da jiki da kuma m makamashi, sarki sha wahala daga matsananciyar koda cuta ta haifar karshen rayuwa na zuciya da kuma gazawar jini. Mutuwarsa 21 ga watan Satumba, 1894 shi ne farkon sarautar na karshe na House of Romanov. Sunan da patronymic sunan Sarkin sarakuna, wanda ya kammala trohsotletnyuyu daular - Nicholas II Alexandrovich.

A karshe na daular Qing

Ya kawo masa, cewa ya faru a 1896, ya zama dalili na bala'i da ya faru a kan Khodynka filin, inda a sakamakon jari na dubban mutanen da suka zo a yi maka da yi musu wa'adi ba da kyautai ga bikin, kafa mai tsanani stampede da cewa kashe 1.379 mutane da kuma game da 1,000 suka ji rauni. A mutane shi an ɗauke shi wani shu'umci da m memory na taron da aka adana a duk shekaru da mulkinsa.

Nicholas II, kamar duk da magabata shugabannin Rasha da kuma Rasha, kamata a yi la'akari da mu a cikin mahallin tsufa. Its rabo ya auku ya yi mulkin jihar, shi ne shida na Duniya, a cikin mafi ban mamaki lokaci a cikin tarihi. Waɗannan su ne shekarun lokacin, tare da m ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa girma tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da tashi a uku juyin, na karshe daga wanda ya m ga mulki daular da kuma daular matsayin dukan.

Rasputin tasirin

Amma a lokaci guda, shi da dukan shugabanni na Rasha da kuma Rasha, shi ne alhakin da yanayin jihar, wanda shi ne sakamakon mulkinsa. Wannan bala'i, wanda ya kawo karshen zamanin mulkin na Romanovs, ya fi mayar saboda rashin lafiya-shawarci yanke shawara a filin na cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin - cikar zo zuwa ga rinjaye na zamani masu bincike.

Kamar yadda tsohon shugabannin Rasha a zamanin wanda aka alama ta da tarzoma, da tashin, Nicholas II nemi taimakon biyu a soja da iko, da kuma a cikin Allah ta cẽto. Saboda haka ya makafi bangaskiya a cikin "mai tsarki m" - Gregory Rasputin, wanda tasiri fi mayar dada tabarbare da riga m jihar a cikin abin da daular kasance. A karshe shekaru na mulkin halin da feverish jerin m ministoci da manyan jami'an gwamnati. Yana da aka a yunkurinta na kawo kasar daga cikin rikicin, da shawarar wani tsohon mutum, wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar matarsa - da Empress Aleksandru Fodorovnu.

Last Empress na Rasha

Idan muka dubi jerin Rasha empresses, za mu iya ganin cewa da yawa daga cikinsu sun bar mai kyau memory a tarihi. Yana mulki a cikin shekaru na Catherine kuma Elizaveta Petrovna, amma na karshe daya daga cikinsu - Alexandra Feodorovna - yana da damar sha da m kofin m ƙiyayya. Ta da tushe, kuma zargi da yaudara da kuma profligacy, da kuma cewa shi ne ta tilasta mijinta unsa Rasha a irin mutane suke so tsakanin talakawa mutane da yaki. Ta kammala jerin Rasha empresses.

A Fabrairu juyin juya halin na 1917 hana kursiyin Nicholas II. Ya ƙaryata shi, sa'an nan, tare da iyali da aka sanya a karkashin gidan kama a Tsar fādar. Ba da da ewa da wucin gwamnatin aika su a cikin gudun hijira a Tobolsk, kuma a shekarar 1918 ta yanke hukunci na Bolsheviks ya sarauta iyali a Yekaterinburg. Akwai, a cikin ginshiki na Ipatiev gidan a kan dare na Yuli 17, 1918, dukan iyali da aka harbe tare da barorinka, da rakiyar Dr. Botkin.