A tattalin arziki da rikicin - shi ne cewa ra'ayi? A tattalin arziki da rikicin na 1929-1933, 2008 da kuma 2014. A Sanadin da tattalin arziki da rikicin

A cikin tarihi na ci gaba da dukan duniya, tattalin arziki na yawancin kasashe sun girgiza da rikicin, tare da raguwar samar da kayayyaki, farashin farashi, haɗuwa da kayayyaki marasa daraja a kasuwa, faduwar tsarin banki, ƙwarewar rashin aikin yi, da rushewar masana'antu da masana'antu.

Mene ne wannan - rikicin? Menene alamunsa? Menene ya fuskanci tattalin arzikin kasar da mu, talakawa? Shin ba zai yiwu ba kuma menene za a iya yi? Bari mu yi ƙoƙarin bayar da akalla amsoshi masu yawa ga mafi yawan tambayoyin da aka gabatar.

Da farko, munyi la'akari da rikicin a matsayin ainihin ra'ayi.

An fassara wannan kalma daga Hellenanci a matsayin "tsaka-tsakin matsakaici", "rarrabawar duniya", "yanayin mai tsanani" na kowane tsari. Bugu da ƙari, rikici ya zama cin zarafin kowane tsarin kuma a lokaci guda miƙa canji zuwa sabon salo.

Matsayinsa da matakai

Saboda dukan ciwon da yake ciki, rikicin ya yi aiki mai amfani. Idan kana da wata cuta mai tsanani da ta shafi kwayar halitta, ta tara wasu rikitarwa, matsalolin da abubuwa masu rikitarwa suna rushe duk wani tsarin bunkasa daga ciki, zama iyali, al'umma ko wani bangare na shi.

Saboda haka, crises ba su da tabbas, cewa ba tare da su ba zai yiwu a ci gaba. Kuma kowannensu yana yin manyan ayyuka uku:

• Kashewa ko gyare-gyare mai tsanani na abubuwa masu ɓarna na ƙarancin tsarin;
• Gwajin karfi da ƙarfafa sassa masu lafiya;
• Cire hanya don ƙirƙirar abubuwa na sabon tsarin.

A halin da ake ciki, matsalar ta ta da yawa. Latent (ɓoye), wanda abin da ake bukata ya zama cikakke, amma kada ka fito. Lokaci na rushewa, nan da nan ƙara tsananta wa juna, rikicewa da sauri na dukkan alamun tsarin. Kuma mataki na rushewa, da sauyi zuwa wani lokaci na ciki da kuma daidaituwa na wucin gadi. Lokacin tsawon dukkanin lokaci ba daidai ba ne, ƙarshen rikicin ba za'a iya lissafta a gaba ba.

Sifofi da dalilai

Akwai matsala na gari da na gida. Janar - wadanda ke rufe dukkanin tattalin arziki a matsayin duka, na gida - kawai ɓangare na shi. Macro- da microcrys- ses sun bambanta da matsaloli. Sunan a lokaci guda yayi magana akan kansa. Ga tsohon, manyan Sikeli da matsaloli masu tsanani suna halayyar. Na biyu shafi kawai matsala ko rukuni na waɗanda.

Sakamakon fashewawar rikici na iya zama haƙiƙa, daga tushen bukatun cyclical don sabuntawa, da kuma ra'ayi, wanda ya taso daga kuskuren siyasa da kuma aikin kai-tsaye. Har ila yau, za a iya raba su waje da na ciki. Tsohon yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin gudanar da harkokin tattalin arziki na tattalin arziki, da kuma yanayin siyasa a kasar, wadanda suka kasance ba tare da la'akari da yadda ake amfani da su ba.

Harkokin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki a sakamakon haka na iya samun sabuntawa ko hallaka ƙarshe na tsarin kudi da tattalin arziki, dawo da shi ko zuwan tashin hankali na gaba. Samun fita daga gare shi zai iya zama mai kaifi kuma wani lokaci marar tsammanin ko mai laushi da tsawo. A cikin hanyoyi da yawa, manufar tsarin kula da rikici ta ƙaddara wannan. Duk abin mamaki ya shafi rinjayar mulki, cibiyoyi, al'umma da al'ada.

Dalilin matsalar tattalin arziki

Harkokin tattalin arziƙi wani mummunan lalacewa ne, wani lokaci kuma yana da mummunar lalacewa a yanayin tattalin arziki na wata ƙasa ko wata al'umma. Ayyukanta sune cin zarafin haɗin dangantaka, tashin rashin aikin yi, bankruptcy na kamfanoni, raguwar gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon karshe shine digo a cikin daidaituwa da zaman lafiya na jama'a.

A crises na tattalin arziki ci gaban bayyana a cikin overproduction kaya dangi zuwa nema ba, canje-canje a ãdalci liyafar yanayi, taro layoffs da kuma sauran tunkaro zamantakewa da tattalin arziki yanayi.

Ta yaya wannan ya faru?

Tattalin arzikin kowace ƙasa a wani lokaci na lokaci yana cikin ɗaya daga jihohin biyu.

1. Tabbatarwa, lokacin da samar da amfani (bi da bi - samarwa da buƙata) ana daidaita su. A daidai wannan lokaci, ci gaban tattalin arziki ya bi hanya madaidaiciya.
2. Ba tare da daidaito ba, idan aka keta tsarin tsarin tattalin arziki, ya haifar da rikici.

Halin tattalin arziki ya zama rashin daidaituwa a duniya a tsarin kudi da tattalin arziki. Ana haɗuwa da asarar halayen haɗin kai a fannin samarwa da cinikayya kuma, a ƙarshe bincike, zai haifar da cikakkiyar daidaito ga tsarin.

Abin da ke faruwa a cikin tattalin arziki

Daga ra'ayi na kimiyya, matsalar tattalin arziƙin cin zarafin matakan samar da kayayyaki da kuma neman kaya da ayyuka.

An tabbatar da asalinsa a cikin ragi na kayan kayayyaki idan aka kwatanta da bukatar.

Masana tattalin arziki na yau da kullum suna kwatanta rikicin a matsayin yanayin tattalin arziki, wanda hakan ya kasance cikin rikice-rikice na ciki da waje. Ayyukanta sune ƙarfin, tsawon lokaci da sikelin.

A lokaci guda, kamar yadda aka ambata, sakamakon sakamakon tattalin arziki zai iya amfani. A ƙarshe, hakan yana ba da gudummawa ga bunkasa tattalin arzikin, yana mai da hankali sosai. A karkashin rinjayarsa, farashin kayan aiki ya rage, raguwa ya bunƙasa, an haifar da haɓaka don kawar da hanyoyin da aka yiwa sabuntawa da sabuntawa akan sababbin fasaha. Saboda haka, rikicin shine muhimmin mahimmanci na tsarin kai-tsaye na tsarin kasuwancin-tattalin arziki.

Menene tasiri na rikicin?

Daga koma bayan tattalin arziki, a matsayin mai mulkin, masana'antu da ke samar da kayayyaki da kuma hanyoyin yin amfani da dogon lokaci sukan sha wahala fiye da sauran. Musamman gini. Masana'antu da ke samar da kaya don amfani da ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba su da kyau sosai.

Hanyar fitowa ta dogara ne akan abin da ya haifar da shi. Don kawar da rikicin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa, jihar ya kamata a bayyana, a lokaci guda, babban manufar ita ce canzawa zuwa tsarin tattalin arziki na yau da kullum, wanda wajibi ne a biya duk bashin da ake bi, ta nazarin jihar da albarkatu da kuma al'amurra.

Yanzu bari mu yi kokarin bincika abin da yake faruwa a cikin al'umma, a kan wasu misalai. Bari mu tuna da mafi yawan shahararrun gwaji da suka girgiza tattalin arzikin duniya a lokacinsa.

Bari mu koma baya

Crises sun faru a tarihin al'umma. Na farko daga cikinsu, wanda ya buga a lokaci ɗaya a cikin tattalin arzikin Amirka, Ingila, Jamus da Faransa, ya faru a 1857. Halin da aka samu don ci gabanta shi ne rushewar kasuwannin jari da kuma bashi da kamfanoni da yawa.

Sauran misalai za su bauta wa: babban mawuyacin (. 1929-1933), Mexico (1994-1995.), Kuma Asiya rikicin (1997), da kuma, babu shakka, da Rasha, 1998 rikicin shekara.

A cikin rikici na 1929-1933.

Harkokin tattalin arzikin duniya na 1929-1933 a cikin yanayinsa shi ne haɗari na cyclical da ba a haɓaka ba. Ya kara da cewa an sake shi a cikin tattalin arziki, wanda ya fara a lokacin yakin. Wannan ya haifar da karuwa a cikin samarwa, ƙarfafa matsaloli, wanda ya haifar da rashin yiwuwar sakewa, bayan karshensa, dangantakar tattalin arziki da ta kasance a gaban yakin.

An bayyana fasalin yanayin tattalin arziki na shekarun nan a cikin ɗaukar dukkanin kasashe masu ra'ayin jari-hujja da kuma dukkanin ɓangarorin tattalin arzikin duniya ba tare da togiya ba. Hakanan ya bambanta yana cikin zurfin zurfi da duration.

Bari mu dubi cikin Sanadin tattalin arziki da rikicin na waɗanda shekara a more daki-daki.

Abin da ya faru a duniya

Don kwanciyar hankali na shekarun 1920, karuwar karuwar haɓakawa da ƙaddamar da babban birnin kasar da samarwa ya zama halayyar, wanda ya haifar da ƙarfafa ikon kamfanoni. Bugu da} ari, dokar ta ta ~ a ragu. A cikin al'adun gargajiya na tattalin arziki (gina gine-gine, ma'adinai, masana'antun haske), ragowar ci gaban ya ƙi, rashin aikin yi ya karu. A cikin aikin noma, akwai hadari na maye gurbin.

Harkokin tattalin arziki na 1929 ya haifar da bambanci tsakanin rashin ƙarfi na ikon sayen karfin jama'a tare da karfin haɓaka. The girma na babban birnin kashe a kasuwar jari hasashe cewa ya karu rashin zaman lafiya da tattalin arziki da halin da ake ciki.

{Asar Amirka, a matsayin manyan masu bashi na kasa da kasa, sun dogara ne ga yawancin ku] a] en na} asashen Turai. Rashin nauyin kudi ga mafi yawansu suna buƙatar samun damar shiga kaya don kasuwar Amurka, amma ƙarawar gasar da kuma girma daga ayyukan kwastan ya haifar da dogara ga Amurka.

Tarihin Babbar Mawuyacin hali

Ta yaya rikicin tattalin arziki na 1929-1933 ya fara? Wannan ya faru ne a "ranar Alhamis" (Oktoba 24, 1929), lokacin da {asar Amirka ta fuskanci wata kasuwancin kasuwancin da ba a taba gani ba. Darajar hannun jari a cikin kasuwannin New York ta fadi da rabi (har ma fiye). Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin bayyanuwar farko na rikice-rikicen gaggawa na zurfin da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Idan aka kwatanta da yanayin rikici na shekarar 1929, yawancin masana'antu na Amurka ya kai kashi 80.7% a 1930. Wannan rikici ya haifar da mummunan raguwa a farashin, musamman ga kayayyakin aikin gona. Ba a taba yin la'akari da cin hanci da rashawa ba, da kuma lalacewar kasuwanci, masana'antu da masana'antu. Rikicin da aka yi da tashe-tashen hankula da aka ƙaddara, ban da kari, da bankuna.

Menene ya kamata a yi?

Ƙungiyar Anglo-Faransa ta ga wata mafita ga matsalar a biya biya ta Jamus. Amma wannan tafarki ya zama abin ƙyama: Jamus ba ta da damar samun kudi, masu fafatawa sun iyakance damarsa a kasuwancin duniya. Shugabancin kasar ya sabunta kwangilar gyaran, wanda ya buƙaci samar da dukkan kudaden sabbin kudaden shiga kuma ya damu da tsarin kudi na kasa da kasa.

Cutar tattalin arzikin 1929-1933 an san shi daya daga cikin mafi wuya a tattalin arzikin duniya. Ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru masu yawa don daidaita tsarin duniya. Yawancin kasashe sun shawo kan wannan tattalin arzikin duniya, wanda ya ragu a tarihi.

A rikicin a 2008

Yanzu bari muyi la'akari da sifofi na al'ada da halayyar halayen da ke cikin binciken a kan misali na irin wannan shahararrun lamari yayin rikicin tattalin arziki na 2008. Yanayin shi yana da fasali uku.

1. Rikicin duniya ya shafi kusan dukkanin ƙasashe da yankuna. A hanyar, ya fi karfi a ci nasara, kuma wurare masu yawa sun sha wahala zuwa karami. A Rasha, yawancin matsalolin da aka lura a wurare da kuma yankunan tattalin arziki, a cikin yankunan da ke fama da lalata, an yi canji da yawa.
2. Halin tattalin arziki na shekarar 2008 ya kasance na tsari ne, wanda ya shafi sabunta tsarin tushen fasahar tattalin arzikin duniya.
3. Wannan rikici ya kasance daga wani yanayi mai ban mamaki, wanda aka haifar da sababbin sababbin kudaden kudi kuma an rarraba su a matsayin sababbin kayan kasuwa. Sun canza kasuwa na kayayyaki na farko. Farashin man fetur, wadda aka ƙaddamar da shi a kan raƙuman farashi, don haka wanda aka sarrafa shi ta hanyar sarrafawa, yanzu an kafa shi a cikin kasuwancin kasuwancin ta hanyar aiki na masu sayar da kaya a cikin kayan aikin kuɗi da suka dace.

Duniyar duniyar duniya ta yarda da gaskiyar ƙarfafawa da mahimmanci a cikin samuwar abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. Bugu da} ari, manufofin siyasa da tattalin arziki sun rasa iko a kan motsi na ku] a] e. Saboda haka, ana kiran wannan rikici "boren motocin da aka yi wa masu halitta."

Ta yaya

A cikin watan Satumba na 2008, akwai wata masifa ga duk ofisoshin ofisoshin duniya - kasuwar New York Stock collapse. Kalmomin suna fadowa a ko'ina cikin duniya. A Rasha, gwamnati na musayar jari kawai ta rufe. A watan Oktoba na wannan shekara ya zama a fili ya bayyana cewa matsalar duniya ba ta yiwu ba.

Rashin lalacewar manyan bankuna mafi girma a duniya sun zama kamar damuwa. Shirye-shiryen jinginar gidaje suna ɓatarwa, farashin da ake biyan bashi suna girma. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna dakatar da furna, shuke-shuke, ma'aikatan wuta. Saboda rashin "dogon lokaci" da bashi, an dakatar da gine-ginen, ba a samu sababbin kayan aiki ba, masana'antar ginin masana'antu sun shiga cikin damuwa. Bukatar kaya yana fadowa, farashin karfe da man fetur na fadowa.

Tattalin tattalin arziki ya juya cikin maƙiraƙi mai banƙyama: babu kudi - babu albashi - babu aiki - babu samarwa - babu kaya. Tsarin ya rufe. Akwai irin wannan abu kamar yadda rikicin rikicin ruwa yake. Sakamakon haka, masu sayarwa ba su da kudi, ba a samar da kaya saboda rashin buƙata.

Cutar tattalin arziki na 2014

Bari mu matsa zuwa abubuwan da suka faru yanzu. Babu shakka, kowannenmu yana damu game da halin da ake ciki a kasar dangane da abubuwan da suka faru. Girman farashin farashi, raguwa, rikice-rikice a fagen siyasar - duk wannan yana ba mu dama mu ce da tabbaci cewa muna fuskantar babban rikici.

A cikin Rasha a shekarar 2014, matsalar tattalin arziki ta kara tsananta halin tattalin arzikin kasar saboda mummunan karuwar farashin makamashi da kuma sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki kan Rasha daga yamma. Ya bayyana kanta a cikin raguwa mai girma na Rasha ruble, karuwa a cikin inflation da rage a cikin girma na hakikanin kudin shiga na Russia.

Menene bukatunta?

Tun farkon shekarun 2000, Rasha ta ga cigaba da bunkasa kayayyaki. Harkokin ci gaba na farashin man fetur na duniya a lokaci guda ya ƙarfafa dogara ga tattalin arzikin kasar a kan aikin masana'antu na samar da makamashi da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki na waje.

Kuma faduwar farashin man fetur ya haifar da karuwar bukatarta, karuwa a samar da shi a Amurka, da ƙin sauran ƙasashe don rage kayan aiki. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar kudaden shiga don sayar da makamashi, wanda asusun na kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na dukiyar waje. Sauran ƙasashe masu fitar da su, irin su Norway, Kazakhstan, Najeriya da Venezuela, sun ji rauni sakamakon sakamakon lalacewar farashin.

Ta yaya aka fara

Mene ne dalilin hadarin tattalin arziki na shekarar 2014? Menene ainihin ya jawo fararwa? Saboda karbar Crimea zuwa Rasha, da kasashen EU suka dauka, an sanya takunkumi kan Rasha, wanda aka bayyana a haramtacciyar haɗin kai tare da kamfanoni na masana'antu, kamfanoni da masana'antu. An bayyana laifin Crimea a matsayin kundin tattalin arziki. A cewar shugaban kasar Rasha, takunkumin da aka sanya mana shine dalilin da ya kai kusan kashi hudu na matsalar tattalin arzikin kasar.

Saboda haka, kasar tana fuskantar matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa.

A farkon rabin shekarar, ci gaba da ci gaba, alamun tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2014 ya fadi a kasa da wadanda aka tsara, karuwar farashin tattalin arziki maimakon kashi 5% zuwa kashi 11.4%, GDP na shekara ta ragu da kashi 0.5%, wanda ba tun daga shekarar 2008. Ruwa a cikin ruba Disamba 15 shine rikodin, an kira wannan rana "Litinin Litinin". Gidaje-canje-canje daban-daban sun yanke shawarar kafa samfurin cinikayya biyar na kudaden musayar idan har ma mahimmancin ci gaba da ƙididdiga a kansu.

Ranar 16 ga watan Disambar, an sami raguwa sosai a cikin kasa - kudin Euro ya kai 100,74 rubles, dollar - 80.1 rubles. Sa'an nan kuma wasu ƙarfafawa suka faru. Shekara ta ƙare ne a 68.37 da 56.24 daidai da haka.

Mahimmancin kasuwannin kasuwancin ya ƙi, RTS stock index ya fadi a karshe, Russia mafi arziki sun fadi saboda ƙididdigar dukiya. An ba da tallafin Rasha a duniya.

Menene ke faruwa a yanzu?

Halin tattalin arziki na shekarar 2014 yana samun karfin gaske. A shekarar 2015, matsaloli a kasar sun kasance daidai. Halin rashin zaman lafiya da rashin ƙarfi na ruble ya kasance. Ana tsammanin raunin kasafin kudin ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka sa ran, haka ma gaskiya ne ga faduwar GDP.

Saboda takunkumi, Rasha kamfanoni rasa su refinancing dama da kuma fara neman taimako daga jihar. Amma total kudi, "Babban Bankin", da kuma ajiye asusun da aka kasa da jimlar waje bashi.

Karuwan da farashin motoci da kuma lantarki, rayayye sayen jama'a a cikin wani tsoro. Wuce kima bukatar a karshen 2014 rinjãya a furniture Stores, gida kayan, kayan ado. Mutane garzaya da su zuba jari ragi kudi a cikin bege na ceton su daga depreciation.

A daidai wannan lokaci shi kika aika da bukatar abubuwa na yau da kullum amfani, tufafi da takalma. Saboda Yunƙurin a farashin, Russia fara ajiye a kan sayan bukatar kayan gida, ko kuma saya da arha. Mutane da yawa waje masana'antun tufafi da takalma na shahararrun brands an tilasta rufe gudanar da ayyukanta a Rasha saboda rashin bukatar. Sashe na daga cikin kantin sayar da aka rufe. Saboda haka, rikicin a kasar da kuma a kaikaice buga da kasashen waje masu zuba jari.

Abu mai muhimmanci kara farashin abinci. Kafin farko na yawan jama'ar, a 2015, ya ƙara rura wutar da jita-jita, da wani game duniya farashin man gas, kai wani share kashe shelves gishiri da sukari.

Mutane da yawa bankuna sun dakatar da bayar da mabukaci, da jinginar gida rance, musamman dogon lokaci, saboda da m kudi halin da ake ciki.

Zamantakewa da kuma tattalin arziki da rikicin da ya buga da walwala da na talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Rage real albashi, ta ƙara rashin aikin yi. Dã musamman wuya ga mutane da tsanani cututtuka cewa bukatar tsada kwayoyi ko jinya a kasar waje.

A daidai wannan lokaci da Rasha dukiya ya zama mafi m zuwa kasashen waje yawon bude ido. Sun fara saya up mazauna Belarus, Kazakhstan, da Baltic jihohi, Finland da kuma China.

Ashe, akwai wani bishara?

A lokacin da shekara, gwamnatin Rasha kokarin tasiri tattalin arzikin kasar rikicin. "Central Bank" ya karu da key sha'awa kudi sau shida, a cikin shekarar, gudanar da harkokin musayar baki dattako da ruble matsayi. Vladimir Putin ya bada shawarar da most kasuwanci wakilan da za su taimaki jihar ta hanyar sayar da ragi kudin a cikin gida Rasha kasuwar.

"CBA" tausasa a kan yanayin da kudin jinginar gidaje, da Jihar Duma ake shirin matakan taimakawa bashi ta matsaloli saboda musayar kudi hawa da sauka.

Amma duk da haka tattalin arziki 'kintace for 2015 ba su bambanta ba fata. A rikicin ya ci gaba da fushi, Munã rage ta gudu har sai an kiyaye. Dukan mu har yanzu suna da wani dogon lokaci a magance matsaloli. Ya zauna a kai m matakan ajiye, na rage halin kaka da kuma kokarin a halin kaka don adana data kasance jobs da kuma sauran kafofin samun kudin shiga.