Anti-kenkenewa dokokin. Tarayya Antimonopoly Service. A Jihar Antimonopoly Policy

Ba kowa da kowa ya san cewa inda akwai bukatar, a can ne ko da yaushe wani tayin. Idan kamfanonin shirye ya sadu da bukatun masu amfani, fiye da daya, shi ya nuna gaban a kasuwa babu irin wannan abu a matsayin gasar. Tare da taimakon ci gaba da farashin, inganci da yawa daga cikin kayayyaki. Idan wani kamfani ko shiri miƙa jama'a wani irin samfurin ko sabis, akwai daya kawai, to, shi ne wata ila fitowan da abin da ake kira kenkenewa (daga Girkanci nufin "daya mai sayarwa").

Tabbatacce kuma korau al'amurran da kamfanin ta gaban a kasuwar-rinjaye

A daya hannun, da wanzuwar irin wannan sabon abu yana da amfani effects a kan ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, damar da gabatarwar da na'urorin fasahar zamani, zuba a cikin horo na kwararrun ma'aikata, da dai sauransu A daya hannun, da monopolization da wani bangare na tattalin arzikin yana da yawan korau al'amurran. Saboda haka, na farko kuma mafi muhimmanci shi ne da danniya da tuki da karfi na kasuwar ci gaba - gasar.

Na biyu factor smoothly haka daga baya daya. A rashin gasar ba ka damar kafa farashin da suke da m da fari, domin sha'anin. Wannan shi ne wata ila don kara kudin kaya yayin da rage ta fitarwa. Kenkenewa kamfanonin ne iya artificially rage gudu da cin gaban sabuwar fasahar, kazalika da halakarwa da albarkatun kasa da kuma ƙazantar da yanayi.

Duk wani ƙoƙari na matsakaici ko kananan kasuwanci na irin wannan yanayi zuwa unwind da kuma samun a cikin kasuwar da aka shafe ta. To, ta yaya za a magance monopolies? Ta yaya zan iya taimaka wajen bun gasar da kuma hana yiwuwar faru na single-handedly manyan kamfanonin a kasuwa? Don hana duk mummunan sakamakon dangantaka da monopolization da tattalin arziki a kasashe da dama, ciki har da a Rasha, akwai antitrust dokokin. Bari mu dauki wani kusa look at abin da yake da ikon yinsa, daga wannan dokar, inda shi ya zo daga da kuma abin da ta ci gaba.

Tarihi na asalin

Antitrust dokar ne a sa na daban-daban matakan da cewa Target yin rigakafi da rage mata da samuwar da kuma ci gaban monopolies. A hadaddun na wadannan hare-hare samo asali a cikin Amurka. A tushen su bayyanar shi ne abin da ake kira Sherman dokar (Sherman ta yi), ko "antitrust" dokar hannu a Amurka a 1890. Wannan daftarin aiki ayyana ineligible da kuma haramta duk wani ƙoƙari na haifar da kenkenewa. Bugu da kari, wannan harka gabatar hani a kan kafa kungiya ta kashin (amãnõninsu), da nufin rage gasar. Wannan dokar da aka farko bulo a cikin kafuwar sauti tsarin da ake kira "Anti-kenkenewa dokar."

Alhakin yin yanke shawara game da wadannan ko wasu take hakki na yi dangana ga gwamnatin. Wannan shi ne na musamman sabis, wadda iko da kisan da maki daga cikin daftarin aiki, shi ya ba a wancan lokacin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa kamar yadda babu tsarin, samar da rigakafin ba yarda da kwangila sassan. A hankali, da ci gaban anti-kenkenewa dokokin ne samun lokacinta.

New tarawa da kuma haske kan

All kurakurai da cewa ya faru a cikin aikin Sherman, aka gyara a shekarar 1914, lokacin da dokar zo a cikin karfi da kuma Clayton dokar FTC Federation Amirka. Su mafi fili fahimta da kuma aka wajabta ainihin ma'anar, kula da matakan da alhakin take hakkin da sharuddan. Wadannan takardu da samar da tushen antitrust siyasa na Amurka.

Bayan Amurka matakan kara gasar, karɓa, da kuma sauran jihohi. A shekara ta 1948, da Birtaniya da aka ayyana dokar on monopolies. Sa'an nan, a shekarar 1963, da Antitrust dokar da aka sa hannu a Faransa. A shekara daga baya - a Italiya. Gabashin Turai da su shiga cikin yaki da monopolies a cikin 80-ies karni na karshe. Daga cikin kasashen da goyan bayan aiwatar da kawar trestovskih kungiya ta kashin da ya kasance da kuma Rasha.

Abin lura shi ne cewa kowace kasa na da al'ummomi domin cin gaban tattalin arziki da cewa tana goyon bayan wannan doka: da antitrust dokokin na United States of America da Turai, ko da yake ya zo daga guda daftarin aiki, amma kare bukatun da daban-daban duniyoyin.

A American model ne da nufin} alubalantar fitowan amãnõninsu matsayin mai zaman kanta naúrar. Turai siyasa ne halin da daidaita inji cewa ba ka damar yãƙi korau mamaki a kunno kai monopolies.

Artificial rinjaye kungiyar da kuma yunkurin magance su

Abin lura shi ne cewa Rasha kenkenewa fara bayyana tare da albarka kuma a kan umarni na jam'iyyar Elite. Jihar kafa kungiya ta kashin da kuma amãnõninsu, amma kawai a cikin wadanda sassa na tattalin arziki, da ci gaban da ya kasance wani fifiko ga kasar ta abincinsu a matsayin dukan. Wadannan sun hada da wadannan: kai, da kuma man ci masana'antu, metallurgy, da dai sauransu A hankali, duk da haka, ta hanyar artificially amãnõninsu fara zalunta sauran kamfanoni da kuma gwamnati shibta nasu sharuddan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa jama'a hukumomi sun yanke shawarar gabatar a cikin tattalin arzikin na antitrust dokokin. Wannan ya faru a 1908. Dalili aka dauka tuni aka sani zuwa ga Sherman dokar. Duk da haka, da farko ƙoƙari ya haifar da wani anti-kenkenewa siyasa ya gaza. Wannan gudummawar da yawa da kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi. Ba da da ewa jihar gabobin kasance aiki tare da mafi muhimmanci al'amurran da suka shafi: yakin duniya na farko da kuma Oktoba juyin juya halin, sun jeopardized da wanzuwar dukan ƙasar.

Bayan wani lokaci, da Soviet gwamnatin halitta guda nasu kenkenewa kira "umurni tattalin arziki". babu gasar. Kuma wanda zai kuskure ya gasa da Refayawa kamar Gosplan, Gossnab da jihar kwamitin?

"Great-kakan" na Fas

Jim kadan kafin rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, a shekarar 1990, a gwamnatin matakin an kafa jihar kwamitin Rasha Soviet Federative Socialist Jamhuriyar a kan antimonopoly siyasa da kuma tallafawa da ci gaban tattalin arziki da sabon Tsarin. Wannan samuwar ne m irin wannan naúrar, Tarayyar Antimonopoly Service (Fas). A wannan alamomin ga zargin da kwamitin ya yardar da Attaura da RSFSR "A cikin Republican ma'aikatun da kuma jihar kwamitoci na kasar." Tun da ci gaban antitrust hukumomin a kasar ta fara samun lokacinta.

Tuni a cikin gaba, a shekarar 1991, gwamnatin shige da wata doka da kayyade gasar da kuma takura da ayyukan amãnõninsu da daban-daban kungiya ta kashin a cikin dukiya kasuwanni. A ƙuduri da aka gyara da kuma kammala shekaru hudu daga baya. A karshen sakamakon shi ne cewa dokar haramta duk wani aiki na da kungiyar, wanda occupies wani kyakkyawan zarafi a cikin kasuwar, idan sun entailed:

1. ƙeta na dama ko bukatun sauran yan kasuwa.
2. rage mata bayyane ko a fakaice gasar.

Bugu da kari, wannan mataki ya haramta wani yarjejeniyar game da farashin siyasa, a karkashin wani alkuki kasuwar, ko kãmun dukiya, shafe su gaira.
Bayan shekaru biyu, a shekarar 1997, jihar kwamitin Rasha Soviet Federative Socialist Jamhuriyar a kan antimonopoly siyasa da kuma tallafawa da ci gaban tattalin arziki da sabon Tsarin aka sake masa suna cikin Jihar Antimonopoly kwamitin. A kawai 'yan shekaru, wannan rabo ya halartar da yawa canje-canje. A 2004 da ya sauka zuwa yanzu, Tarayyar Antimonopoly Service aka kafa a kan harsashin daga gare ta.

The ayyuka da kuma ayyuka na kungiyar

Wannan sashen rahoton kai tsaye zuwa ga shugaban gwamnatin. Lokacin dauke tare, Tarayyar Antimonopoly Service ke tsunduma a cikin shiri na al'amurran da suka shafi ko ta wani hanya da alaka da fitowan da kuma ci gaban monopolies. A musamman, wannan naúrar:

1. tattare matsalolin da suka shafi m gasar.
2. tsunduma danniya, kazalika da hanin da mai gargaɗi da mataki entailing aukuwa kenkenewa.
3. zaune a yanki yarda da duk data kasance bukatun da ka'idoji game da anti-kenkenewa dokar.

All kungiyoyi da ke aiki a cikin Rasha kasuwar, da tallace-tallace na fiye da 35% na jimlar a kasar, ya shiga wani musamman jihar Register. Wannan jerin damar da Fas motsa jiki dace iko a kan ayyukan monopolies da kuma rike su da lissafi ga take hakkin da antimonopoly dokokin.

Daukarsa Service tasowa sabon bada shawarwari don inganta ci gaban da wani m tattalin arziki. Yana kuma banbanta tsakanin ta da yin amfani da wadannan matakai, dangane da kasuwar kansu.

sãɓãwar launukansa fassarori

A halin yanzu a Rasha an sanya matakai don kafa wani cikakken fledged m yanayi na kasa da tattalin arziki. Su samar domin motsi na kaya a kasuwannin duniya, rage hadarin amãnõninsu ko ƙungiyoyi, musamman, a wata kasuwar alkuki. A wannan mataki na ci gaba da Rasha anti-kenkenewa ne dokokin nisa ba cikakke. Wurare da dama a pitfalls data kasance dokoki kuma da daban-daban fassarori na da maki kai ga mummunan sakamakon, da alhakin da ya ta'allaka da gwamnati da kuma 'yan kasuwa. Ko da ya fi ƙaramin laifin antitrust dokokin iya kai ga tsanani lalacewa.

Dokokin na tarayya, cewa kana bukatar ka sani: kashi na farko na

Gargadi ne forearmed. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa manyan kungiyoyin kamata ka sani daga cikin dokoki da kuma dokokin, wanda ya hada da na tarayya antitrust dokokin.

Akwai biyu main yankunan da suke da batun da tsari na ayyukan kungiyoyi. A farko reshe yana nufin antitrust, da arziki na wanda ake directed a kan rinjaye-kamfanin da kuma tsari na wucin gadi ta farashin. Wannan shugabanci da aka kayyade ta da wadannan dokokin:

1. Tarayya Law "A gasar da ƙuntatawa na monopolistic aiki a kan kayayyaki, a kasuwanni". Wannan harka zo cikin karfi a kan ta ashirin da biyu a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1991. Shi ne babban daftarin aiki, da wanda iko da monopolists.

2. Tarayya Law "A Kariya na Competition a cikin kudi ayyuka kasuwar." Yana da aka soma ta ashirin da uku a watan Yuni 1999.

Dokokin na tarayya, cewa kana bukatar ka sani: kashi na biyu

Wani reshe, wanda rinjayar da antimonopoly dokokin a Rasha, shi ne ya tsara da aiki matakai na halitta monopolies. A karshen hada da layin dogo da kuma samar da ruwa, da gidaje da kuma sauran dabarun kungiyoyi. The aiki na da irin wannan abubuwa dangane da dama kida:

1. Tarayya Law "A halitta monopolies". Yana da aka soma a tsakiyar watan Yuli 1995 Jihar Duma. Kuma shi ya zo a cikin karfi kadan daga baya - 17 ga watan Agusta. Ya sa'an nan akai-akai hõre gyara da kuma tarawa.

2. Soma Afrilu 28, 1997 umurnin da shugaban kasar na Rasha Federation "A cikin garambawul na gidaje da kuma zamantakewa da sabis."

3. Ashirin Disamba 1997 hukuncin da aka sanya hannu da gwamnatin Rasha Federation "A cikin shirin na de-monopolization da kuma ci gaban da gasar a gidaje da kuma zamantakewa da sabis kasuwar for 1998-1999."

4. Tarayya antitrust dokokin ma kayyade Shugaban adari "A ci gaban da gasar a arziki na sabis don tabbatarwa kuma gyara daga jihar da kuma na birni gidaje kudi", wadda ta zo a cikin karfi a karshen Maris 1996.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa biyu na farko da na biyu kwatance ake tilasta yin aiki da kuma a yankin matakin. Rasha antimonopoly dokokin a filin yana da wani muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance daga janar arziki a karfi a ko'ina cikin kasar. A tallafi na ƙarin ƙa'idoji a yankin matakin ne kawai ya nuna so da zartarwa jikinsu ba tarayya dokokin halaccinta a wasu zaba yankunan jihar.

Ya kamata mu biya musamman da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa antitrust dokar tana da yawan gazawar da takura 'yancin yanke shawara ta hanyar daban-daban kasuwanci abokai. Kuma, mafi kayatarwa, shi yana da musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran Rasha tsarin shari'a ne sosai m tsarin. A karshen, bi da bi, ya kunshi jerin m Concepts.

Description na primary yi

Ashirin da biyu a cikin watan Maris 1995 da gwamnatin na RSFSR soma wani dokar "A gasar da ƙuntatawa na monopolistic aiki a kan kayayyaki, a kasuwanni". Don da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, wannan harka da aka supplemented da bita. A nan gaba articles da kuma fara daftarin aiki ma'anar da asali manufa na inji kira "Antitrust".

Da farko, da yanke shawara kunshi bakwai sassan. A hankali wasu daga cikinsu sun maye gurbinsu da dokokinsa dabam daban,, yayin da wasu ne kawai ba a karfi. Duk da haka, shi ne wannan shi ne babban daftarin aiki a cikin samuwar Rasha anti-kenkenewa siyasa.
A takaice dai look at abin da kowane sashen na yi:

1. A kashi na farko na dokar da aka sani da "General Tanadi". Ya kunshi hudu articles cewa gaya na / on:
a) Don biyã wannan tsari, da kuma irin wannan ginshiki a matsayin antitrust, kazalika da tsarin.
b) da ikon yinsa, daga aikace-aikace na Shari'a.
c) gasar hukumomi na tarayya da kuma na yankin matakan.
g) da asali Concepts cewa an samu a cikin rubutu na da daftarin aiki.

2. Na biyu sashe ne na farko kuma mafi muhimmanci ga kungiyoyi. Yana bayyana yanayi, kazalika da samar da yiwu ãyõyin gaban da kamfanin ya kasuwar manyan monopolistic ayyukan. Articles 5-9 tsara aiki na kamfanonin mamaye a rinjaye matsayi a wani fanni na tattalin arziki.

3. kunshi guda labarin da uku sashe na dokar tattaunawa game da Concepts kamar m gasar da kuma antitrust dokar a matsayin hanyar magance shi.

4. The rubu'in da dokar kunshi shida sassan. Kowace daga cikinsu a nuna amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi:

a) Mene ne ɗawainiya da ayyuka na antimonopoly jiki;
b) da cewa sun hada da iko;
c) abin da suke dama da ikon samun bayanai na daban-daban itĩce.
g) idan dole don samar da wani m data lokutta.
e) da cewa sun hada da nauyi na antimonopoly dalĩli a kan batun na kiyaye kasuwanci da tsare sirri.
e) Abin da taimako hukumomin a ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci da kuma gasar.

5. The biyar sashe ya bayyana ga mai karatu daban daban iri na jihar iko a kan kamfanonin-monopolists. Ya ƙunshi sassa hudu.

6. Next, da alhakin take hakkin antitrust dokokin. Composed na shida sassa, wannan sashe na samar da wani cikakken kuma m manufar / on:

a) Wajibi kisan dokoki da umarni bayar da antimonopoly jiki;
b) da irin abin alhaki ga take hakkin da antimonopoly dokokin.
c) cikin wajibai na kasuwanci da kuma wadanda ba riba Enterprises a taron na ba-maki da yi.
g) alhaki ga take hakkin doka da shugabannin sauran jam'iyyu.
d) dawo da asarar.
e) da alhakin tarayya antimonopoly jikin mutane a akwati na take hakkin guzuri na shari'a.

7. A karshe sashe ya kafa daga cikin hanya don tallafi, kisa ko roko umarni da aka bayar da antimonopoly dalĩli.

Irin wannan shi ne tsarin da asali dokar Hukumar da ayyukan da rinjaye kamfanoni. A hankali, da dama daga cikin articles na wannan daftarin aiki ya zama daban da cikakken ayyukan.

Hanyar na dubawa take hakki na antimonopoly dokokin

Abin lura shi ne cewa mafiya yawa daga cikin doka ta haramta ba da mataki kanta kamar yadda irin wannan, da kuma sakamako da za su iya faruwa bayan shi. Wannan hujja entails babban matsaloli ba kawai don kasuwanci abokai, amma kuma ga sauran mutane da kuma kungiyoyi.

Babban wahala taso a kayyade da jerin ayyuka da cewa zai iya kai wa ga iri daban-daban mummunan sakamakon, shafi na antitrust dokokin da tsari na tafiyar matakai na kasuwanci. Idan ka fahimci cewa wasu maki zai kai ga wani warwarewarsu doka yi, shi zai iya amince shirya da ci gaban da kungiyar da kuma tantance da tattalin arziki kasada. A cikin wani akwati, da yiwuwar ga al'ada aiki na tsari ne kawai ba.

Kamar yadda wani janar mulki, domin gano da mummunan sakamako na wasu ayyuka dauka Organization, shi wajibi ne don gudanar da wani sosai tattalin arziki analysis. A uniform hanya zuwa gwada can. Lokuta da take hakkin antitrust dokokin suna bari bisa tsari lamba 220, wanda ake kira: "A hanya don nazarin Jihar gasar a kayayyaki kasuwar." Wannan shawarar da aka amince da 28 ga watan Afrilu, 2010 Tarayya Antimonopoly Service na Rasha Federation da oda.