Biology: Kwayoyin. A tsarin, aiki, aiki

cell Biology a general da aka sani ga kowane daga cikin makaranta manhaja. Mun bayar da shawarar ka sake koya sau daya, kazalika don gano wani sabon abu game da shi. Sunan "cell" da aka samarwa da baya a 1665 ta Banasare Robert Hooke. Duk da haka, kawai a cikin karni na 19th shi ya fara karatu a tsare. Masana kimiyya suna sha'awar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da muhimmancin Kwayoyin a cikin jiki. Sun iya hada wani iri-iri daban-daban da kuma gabobin kwayoyin (qwai, kwayoyin, jijiyoyi, erythrocytes), ko zama m kwayoyin (protozoa). Duk da bambancin, da ayyuka da kuma tsarin da su ke samu da yawa a cikin na kowa.

cell aiki

duk suna da daban-daban a cikin siffar kuma sau da yawa ta hanyar aiki. Iya bambanta quite karfi da kuma nama Kwayoyin da gabobin jiki. Duk da haka, cell Biology Highlights da siffofin da suke da muhimmi a cikin dukan iri. Yana da kullum kira na sunadaran. Wannan tsari ne da sarrafawa da kwayoyin na'ura. A cell cewa ba haduwa da sunadarai, da gaske matattu. A rayayyen tantanin halitta ba - shi ne wanda aka gyara canza duk lokaci. Duk da haka, babban azuzuwan abubuwa a lokaci guda kasance canzawa.

All matakai a cikin cell an yi amfani da makamashi. Wannan abinci, da numfashi, haifuwa, metabolism. Saboda haka, rai cell ne halin da cewa yana faruwa duk lokacin da makamashi metabolism. Kowace daga cikinsu ya raba wani muhimmanci alama - ikon adana makamashi da kuma vata shi. Daga cikin sauran siffofin hada da rabo kuma irritability.

All rayayyun tantani iya amsa wa mai guba ko ta jiki canji a cikin yanayi da suke kewaye da su. Wannan dukiya ne ake kira excitability ko irritability. A Kwayoyin dabam a gare zumudi da kuma lalata kudi abubuwa biosynthesis, zazzabi, oxygen amfani. A wannan jiha suka yi ayyuka peculiar zuwa gare su.

sifar tantanin halitta

Its tsari ne quite wuya, ko da yake an dauke da sauki nau'i na rayuwa kimiyya kamar ilmin halitta. A Kwayoyin suna shirya a intercellular abu. Yana bayar da su tare da numfashi, cin abinci da kuma inji ƙarfi. Tsakiya da kuma cytoplasm - babban aka gyara daga kowane cell. Kowane daga cikinsu yana rufe da wani membrane yi kashi ga wanda - kwayoyin. Biology samu cewa membrane kunshi wani jam'i na kwayoyin. Suna shirya a dama yadudduka. Godiya ga membrane abubuwa shiga selectively. da karami Tsarin - wasu gabbansa samu a cikin cytoplasm. Wannan endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell cibiyar, da Golgi hadaddun, lysosomes. Za fahimci yadda Kwayoyin duba, nazarin Figures gabatar a wannan labarin.

membrane

A lokacin da la'akari da shuka Kwayoyin ta microscope (misali, tushen da albasarta) za ka ga cewa shi ne kewaye da wani fairly m harsashi. Muna da squid giant axon, da harsashi a cikin abin da wani gaba ɗaya daban-daban yanayi. Duk da haka, ta yanke shawarar wanda abubuwa kamata ko bai kamata a yarda a cikin axon. Aiki na jikin tantanin ne cewa yana da wani karin hanyar kare cell membranes. Matattarar da ake kira "kagara cell bango." Duk da haka, wannan gaskiya ne kawai a ji cewa shi kare da kuma insulates da abinda ke ciki.

Kuma da membrane da ciki abinda ke ciki na kowane cell mafi yawa ana hada da guda kwayoyin halitta. Muna magana ne game carbon, hydrogen, oxygen da kuma nitrogen. Wadannan kwayoyin zarra ne a farkon lokaci-lokaci tebur. A membrane ne kwayoyin sieve, sosai kananan (da kauri a 10 dubu sau karami fiye da kauri daga cikin gashi). Ta pores kama da dogon, kunkuntar sassa sanya a cikin bango a na da birni. Su fadi da tsawo kasa da tsawon 10 sau. Bugu da kari, ramuka a cikin sieve ne sosai rare. Wasu cell pores zauna kawai daya-milyan na wani rabo daga dukan yankin na membrane.

core

Cell Biology ma ban sha'awa kwaya bisa. Shi ne mafi girma organelle, da farko ja hankalin masana kimiyya. A 1981, da tsakiya da aka gano ta Robert Brown, wani Scottish masanin kimiyya. Wannan organelle ne wani nau'i ne na cybernetic tsarin, inda ajiya, aiki, sa'an nan canja wurin da cytoplasm, ƙara da wanda yake shi ne manya-manyan. A tsakiya da muhimmanci sosai a kan aiwatar da gado, a cikin abin da ta taka wata muhimmiyar rawa. Bugu da kari, shi aikin wani farfadowa aiki da cewa shi ne iya mayar da mutunci da cell jiki. Wannan organelle shirya babbar cell asalin. Amma ga siffar da tsakiya, mafi sau da yawa shi ne siffar zobe kuma ovoid. Chromatin - mafi muhimmanci na wannan organelle. Wannan abu, wanda shi ne mai kyau-fentin musamman nukiliya Paints.

The biyu membrane rarrabe tsakiya daga cytoplasm. Wannan membrane ake dangantawa da Golgi hadaddun da endoplasmic reticulum. A nukiliya membrane yana da pores ta hanyar abin da wasu abubuwa wuce sauƙi, yayin da wasu yi wuya. Saboda haka, permeability na kamfani.

Nukiliya sap - shi ne ciki abun ciki na tsakiya. Yana cika da sarari dake tsakanin ta Tsarin. Dole ba a cikin nucleus din nucleoli (daya ko dama). Sun kafa da ribosome. Akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin size of nucleoli da cell aiki: da nucleoli fi girma fiye da rayayye auku gina jiki biosynthesis. kuma, a daya bangaren, a sel tare da iyakance kira ko su ne wadanda ba babu ko kaɗan.

A tsakiya ne chromosomes. Wannan musamman thread-kamar samuwar. Bayan jima'i, a cikin cell nucleus din yana da 46 chromosomes na jikin mutum. Sun rubuta bayanai game da hereditary dabiu na kwayoyin, wanda aka ruwaito zuwa zuriya.

Sel yawanci suna da guda core, amma akwai multinucleated sel (tsoka, hanta, da dai sauransu). Idan ka cire tsakiya, da sauran ɓangare na cell za su zama nonviable.

cytoplasm

A cytoplasm ne a colorless semisolid taro mucosa. Ya ƙunshi game da 75-85% ruwa, game da 10-12% na amino acid da sunadaran ba, 4-6% carbohydrates, daga 2 zuwa 3% lipids, kuma fats, da kuma 1% da kuma wasu sauran inorganic abubuwa.

Da abinda ke ciki na sel located in cytoplasm, shi ne iya motsa. Saboda wannan optimally sanya wasu gabbansa, da kuma biochemical halayen su ne mafi alhẽri a matsayin aiwatar da kadaici na na rayuwa kayayyakin. Sauran tsarin ake wakilta a cikin fiber cytoplasm: na waje growths, flagella, cilia. Cytoplasm permeates raga tsarin (vacuolar) wanda ya kunshi mĩƙe bags, vials, tubules juna. Su suna da alaka tare da matsanancin jini membrane.

endoplasmic reticulum

Wannan organelle an mai suna haka saboda cewa shi ne located a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na cytoplasm (fassara a matsayin "ciki" daga kalmar Helenanci "EndoH"). EPS - sosai m tsarin na kumfa, shambura, tubules na daban-daban siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam. Sun bambanta daga cikin cytoplasm na cell membranes.

Akwai iri biyu EPS. Origin - granular, wanda ya kunshi tankuna da tubular, wanda shi ne cike da gidajen gona da surface beads (granules). Nau'i na biyu na EPS - na da santsi, cewa shi ne m. Dutse ne ribosome. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa mafi granular na EPS lura a cikin nuclei na dabba Kwayoyin, alhãli kuwa a manya da shi ne yawanci daga cikin santsi siffofi. An sani cewa ribosome ne site na kira na gina jiki a cikin cytoplasm. Daga wannan, shi za a iya zaci cewa granular EPS ne yawanci a Kwayoyin, inda da aiki gina jiki kira. Agranular cibiyar sadarwa an yi ĩmãni da za a wakilta, yafi a cikin wadanda Kwayoyin inda kira fitowa aiki lipids, Ina nufin fats da daban-daban mai-kamar abubuwa.

Duka irin EPS ba kawai da hannu a cikin kira na Organic abubuwa. A nan, wadannan abubuwa tara da ake hawa zuwa so location. EPS kuma shirya metabolism da ya auku tsakanin muhalli da kuma cell.

ribosomes

Wannan cell ba membrane wasu gabbansa. Sun kunshi gina jiki da kuma ribonucleic acid. Wadannan sassa na cell har yanzu ba su cikakken nazarin ciki tsarin ra'ayi. A cikin na'urar hange da ribosome kama wani naman kaza ko katsin. Kowace daga cikinsu ne zuwa kashi kananan da manyan sassa (subunits) tare da tsagi. Da dama ribosome sau da yawa a hade filament musamman RNA (ribonucleic acid) da RNA kira (bayanai). Godiya ga wadannan da wasu gabbansa suna hada daga amino acid sunadarai na gina jiki.

Golgi hadaddun

A tubules da lumens EPS cavities zo biosynthetic kayayyakin. A nan, su sun mayar da hankali a musamman naúrar kira da Golgi hadaddun (a cikin adadi sama da aka tsara kamar yadda golgi hadaddun). Wannan inji ne dake kusa da tsakiya. Ya taka rawa a cikin canja wurin na biosynthesis na kayayyakin da ake tsĩrar da cell surface. Har ila yau, Golgi hadaddun da hannu a su kau daga Kwayoyin a cikin samuwar lysosomes, da sauransu. D.

Wannan organelle da aka bude Camillio Golgi Italian cytologist (shekaru na rayuwa - 1844-1926). A girmama shi a cikin 1898, aka raɗa masa suna naúrar (hadaddun) Golgi. Tsautsayi ribosomes sunadaran shiga wannan organelle. Lokacin da suka bukatar wasu sauran wasu gabbansa, rabu da wani ɓangare na Golgi na'ura. Saboda haka, da furotin da ake hawa zuwa so location.

lysosomes

Magana ne game da look Kwayoyin da wasu gabbansa da suke kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki, shi ne ya zama wajibi a ambaci lysosomes. Su ne m, a siffar, suna kewaye da wata guda-Layer membrane. A lysosomes wani sa na enzymes cewa kaskantar da sunadarai, lipids, carbohydrates. Idan membrane lalace lysosomal enzymes manne da kuma halakar da abinda ke ciki located shiga cikin cell. A sakamakon haka, ta mutu.

cytocentrum

Akwai shi a cikin Kwayoyin, wanda suke iya raba. Cell cibiyar aka hada biyu centrioles (sanda Kwayoyin). Kasancewa kusa da Golgi na'ura da kuma tsakiya, shi ne da hannu a dogara sanda samuwar kan aiwatar da cell division.

mitochondria

Domin samar da makamashi da wasu gabbansa hada da mitochondria (hoton sama) da kuma chloroplast. Mitochondria - na musamman da ikon tashar na kowane cell. Dõmin sun cire makamashi daga gina jiki. Mitochondria ne m siffar, amma mafi sau da yawa shi ne pellet ko thread. Da lambar kuma girman su impermanent. Yana dogara a kan abin da aikin ayyuka na musamman cell.

Idan muka yi la'akari da electron micrograph, ana iya gani cewa mitochondria da biyu membranes: da ciki da kuma m. Inner siffofin protuberances (crista) an rufe shi da enzymes. Saboda gaban mitochondria cristae overall surface ƙaruwa. Wannan yana da muhimmanci ga aiki na enzymes tafi rayayye.

A mitochondria, masana kimiyya sun samu takamaiman da ribosomal DNA. Wannan damar wadannan da wasu gabbansa kai rubanya a lokacin cell division.

chloroplast

Tare da girmamawa ga chloroplast, sa'an nan da siffar ne Disc ko wani ball da ciwon biyu casing (ciki da kuma m). Ciki da wannan organelle da suke ribosomes, DNA, da kuma dutse - takamaiman membranous Tsarin hade da biyu da ciki membrane, kuma tare da juna. Chlorophyll ne daidai a cikin membranes na Grand Prix. Godiya ga shi hasken rana makamashi ne tuba a cikin sinadaran makamashi na adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A chloroplast da ake amfani da kira na carbohydrates (kafa daga ruwa da carbon dioxide).

Za ka yarda da cewa bayanai bayar a sama wajibi ne a san ba kawai auku a gwajin a ilmin halitta. Cage - wani gini kayan da ta sa har a jikin mu. Eh, da kuma duk namun daji - wani hadadden sa na Kwayoyin. Kamar yadda ka gani, mai yawa da aka gyara kasaftawa a gare su. A duban farko shi iya ze cewa binciken da tsarin Kwayoyin - ba aiki mai sauki. Duk da haka, idan ka duba, wannan batu ba haka rikitarwa. Wajibi ne a san cewa masani a cikin wannan kimiyya, kamar ilmin halitta. sifar tantanin halitta - shi ne daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin jigogi.