Jamus bayan yakin duniya na: ci gaba da kuma fi

The rasa kasar Jamus bayan yakin duniya na samu mai tsanani tattalin arziki da zamantakewa rikicin. A kasar da aka hambarar da daular mulkinsu, kuma a wurinsa zo da Jamhuriyar, da ake kira Weimar. Wannan tsarin siyasa dade har shekara ta 1933, a lokacin da Nazis zo ikon jagorancin Adolf Hitler.

Nuwamba juyin juya halin

A cikin kaka na shekarar 1918 da Kaiser ta Jamus ya kan gab da shan kashi a yakin duniya na farko. A kasar da aka ƙãre ta zubar da jini. A jama'a ya dade balaga da rashin biyan bukata da hukuma Wilhelm II. Yana sa a cikin Nuwamba juyin juya halin, wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, tare da wannan yunkuri na matuƙan a Kiel. More kwanan nan, akwai lokatan kama events a Rasha, inda ƙarni-tsohon daular mulkinsu ya rushe. A wannan abu ya faru a karshen, kuma a Jamus.

Nuwamba 9 da firaministan kasar Maksimilian Badensky sanar karshen zamanin Wilhelm II, ya riga ya rasa iko a kan abin da ke faruwa a kasar. Chancellor canjawa wuri ya iko ga manufofin da Friedrich Ebert Foundation da kuma bar Berlin. A sabon shugaban gwamnati ne daya daga cikin shugabannin da m Jamus zamantakewa-Democratic Movement da kuma SPD (Social Democratic Party of Jamus). A wannan rana aka sanar da kafa jumhuriyar.

A rikici da Entente zahiri tsaya. Nuwamba 11 a Kompenskom gandun daji a Picardy tsaida wutar yaƙi da aka sanya hannu, wanda daga bisani ya tsaya ga zubar da jini. Yanzu a nan gaba na Turai kuwa, a hannun jami'an diplomasiya. Fara unofficial tattaunawar da shiri domin a babban taro. A sakamakon duk wadannan ayyuka da aka da yarjejeniyar da Versailles, ya sa hannu a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1919. A cikin 'yan watanni ba wadda ta gabãta ƙarshe daga cikin yarjejeniyar, Jamus bayan yakin duniya na samu da yawa daga ciki ban mamaki abubuwan.

Spartacist tawaye

Duk wani juyin juya halin da take kaiwa zuwa wani ikon injin, wanda yake ƙoƙarin dauki wani iri-iri da sojojin, da kuma Nuwamba juyin juya halin a cikin wannan ma'ana, ya ba togiya. Watanni biyu bayan faduwar daular mulkinsu da kuma karshen yaki a Berlin ya barke da makamai rikici tsakanin sojoji masu biyayya ga gwamnati da kuma magoya bayan na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Recent ya so ya gina a cikin gida kasar ta Soviet Republic. Key karfi a cikin wannan yunkuri shi ne Spartacus League da ta fi shahara mambobi: Karl Liebknecht da Roza Lyuksemburg.

Janairu 5, 1919 da gurguzun shirya wani yajin abin da yake rufe dukkan Berlin. Ta nan da nan girma a cikin wani m tawaye. Jamus bayan yakin duniya na kasance mai harshen wuta kasko a cikin abin da arangama da dama yayi da akidu. Spartacist tawaye aka karin episode wannan adawa. A mako daga baya, wasan kwaikwayon juya a kira su da ci sojojin kasance da aminci ga wucin gwamnatin. Janairu 15 Karl Liebknecht da aka kashe Roza Lyuksemburg.

Bavarian Soviet Jamhuriyar

A rikicin siyasa a Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko sa a wata babbar tawaye magoya bayan Markisanci. A watan Afrilu 1919, hukumomi a Bavaria mallakar Bavarian Soviet Republic, saurare da gwamnatin tsakiya. Gwamnati karkashin jagorancin ta kwaminis Evgeny Levin.

A Soviet Jamhuriyar ya shirya da kansa Red Army. Domin a yayin da ta kasance iya ƙunsar da matsa lamba na da dakarun gwamnati, amma bayan 'yan makonni ta ci da kuma tattara zuwa Munich. A karshe Aljihuna tawaye, wanda aka sa saukar a kan May 5. Events a Bavaria ya kai ga salla ƙiyayya da hagu-reshe akida da kuma magoya bayan na sabon juyin juya halin. Gaskiyar cewa akwai Yahudawa, sa a kalaman na anti-Semitism a kai na Soviet Republic. A cikin wadannan mutane yake ji ya fara wasa m nationalists, ciki har da magoya bayan Hitler.

Weimar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar

A 'yan kwanaki bayan ƙarshen Spartacist tawaye a farkon shekara ta 1919, babban zabe da aka gudanar, wanda aka zabe ta a abun da ke ciki na Weimar majalisar dokokin. Abin lura shi ne cewa yayin da 'yancin kada kuri'a a karon farko samu a Jamus mace. A farko majalisar da aka kafa taru a kan 6 Fabrairu. Dukan ƙasar da ya hankali bi abin da aka faruwa a cikin kananan Thuringian garin Weimar.

A key aiki na mutane wakilan a cikin tallafi na wani sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Shiri na da doka ta asali na Jamus ya jagoranci levoliberal Hugo Preiss, wanda daga baya ya zama Reich ministan cikin gida. A kundin tsarin mulki da a mulkin demokra]-akai da kuma sosai daban-daban daga Kaiser. The daftarin aiki ya mai jayayya tsakanin daban-daban na siyasa sojojin na hagu da kuma dama reshe.

Dokar tabbatar da majalisar dokokin dimokuradiyya da zaman jama'a da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi hakkin ga 'yan kasarta. Babban majalisu jiki na Reichstag an zabe na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya dauki jihar kasafin kudin da zai matsawa daga matsayin shugaban gwamnati (Chancellor), kazalika da wani minista.

Farfadowa da na'ura a Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko ba za a iya cimma ba tare da-aiki da kyau-daidaita tsarin siyasa. Saboda haka, tsarin mulki ya gabatar da wani sabon shugaban kasa - Reich shugaban kasar. Shi ya nada shugaban gwamnati da kuma samu dama ta soke majalisar dokokin kasar. Reich shugaban zabe a cikin babban zabe a kan 7-shekara ambatacce.

A farko shugaban sabuwar Jamus shi ne Friedrich Ebert. Da ya gudanar da wannan matsayi a 1919-1925 gg. Weimar kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya sanya harsãshin ga wani sabon kasa, aka soma da majalisar da aka kafa a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli. Reich shugaban hannu da shi a kan Agusta 11. Wannan rana da aka ayyana a zaman ranar hutu a Jamus. A sabon siyasa gwamnatin da aka kira da Weimar Jamhuriyar girmama na birni inda shige alama majalisar da kuma kundin tsarin mulki na can. Wannan gwamnatin demokra] dade daga 1919 zuwa 1933. Fara shi aza Nuwamba juyin juya halin a Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko, da kuma shi da aka shafe da Nazis.

The yarjejeniya na Versailles

A halin yanzu, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1919 a Faransa taru jami'an diplomasiyan daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Suka sadu da su tattauna da kuma hukunci da abin da zai zama Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko. A yarjejeniyar da Versailles, wanda ya zama sakamakon wani dogon shawarwari tsari, aka sanya hannu a kan Yuni 28th.

Babban theses na daftarin aiki kamar haka. Faransa ta samu daga Jamus jayayya lardin Alsace da Lorraine, rasa shi bayan da yaki da Prussia a 1870. Belgium tafi zuwa kan iyakar gundumomi Eupen da Malmedy. Poland aka ba da ƙasar a cikin Pomerania da Poznan. Danzig zama free birni-tsaka tsaki. A nasara ikon ya dauki iko da Baltic Memel yankin. A shekarar 1923, ta aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani sabo m Lithuania.

A 1920, a sakamakon da m plebiscites Denmark samu wani ɓangare na Schleswig, da kuma Poland - wani yanki na Upper Silesia. Kananan rabo daga gare shi aka kuma canjawa wuri zuwa ga m Czechoslovakia. A daidai wannan lokaci, ta hanyar kuri'a na Jamus riƙe kudu na Gabas Prussia. The rasa ƙasar domin a tabbatar da 'yancin kai na kasar Austria, Poland da kuma Czechoslovakia. A ƙasar Jamus bayan yakin duniya na canza a ji cewa kasar ta rasa duk Kaiser mazauna a wasu sassa na duniya.

Gazawar da kuma gyara

Na ga German hagu banki na Rhine batun demilitarization. Rundunar sojojin iya daina ƙetare lamba na 100 da mutane dubu. Yana shãfe wajibi soja. Mutane da yawa sun ba tukuna sunk warships aka canjawa wuri nasara kasashen. Har ila yau, Jamus zai ba da wani zamani sulke da motocin da kuma fama da jirgin sama.

Reparations daga Jamus bayan yakin duniya na zambar 269 biliyan alãmarsu, wanda daidai kamar dubu 100 ton na zinariya. Sai ta yi ya biya da diyya sha wahala da Allied kasashen a sakamakon wata hudu-shekara yakin neman zabe. A musamman hukumar da aka kafa domin sanin bukata adadin.

A Jamus tattalin arzikin bayan yakin duniya na sha wahala ƙwarai daga reparations. Biya tsautsayi hasãra kasar. Ta ba ta ko da ya taimaka da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1922 , da Soviet Rasha barranta reparations, musanya musu yarda da nationalization na Jamus dũkiyõyinsu a cikin sabuwar kafa Tarayyar Soviet. Cikin dukanin ta zama, da Weimar Jamhuriyar kuma bai biya amince da adadin. Lokacin da Hitler ya zo da iko, da ya yi da kuma tsaya kudi canja wurin. Biyan reparations aka sabunta a 1953, sa'an nan kuma sake - a shekarar 1990, bayan da daidaituwa na kasar. A karshe reparations daga Jamus bayan yakin duniya na aka biya kawai a 2010.

ciki rikice-rikice

Babu kwantar da hankula bayan da yaki a Jamus bai zo ba. A jama'a da aka embittered su wuri, shi kullum ya hagu da dama m sojojin, wanda aka neman cin amanar da mãsu laifi na rikicin. A Jamus tattalin arzikin bayan yakin duniya ba za a iya mayar da saboda m buga na ma'aikata.

A watan Maris 1920, akwai Kapp putsch. A yunkurin juyin mulki da aka kusan kai ga kawar da duk na Weimar Jamhuriyar a shekara ta biyu ta zama. Part bisa ga yarjejeniyar da Versailles wargaza sojojin mutinied da kuma kwace gwamnati gine-gine a Berlin. Society tsaga. Istinbadi ikon kwashe a Stuttgart, inda ake kira ga mutane da ba su goyi bayan juyin mulki da kuma shirya buga. A sakamakon haka, 'yan maƙarƙashiya suka ci, amma tattalin arziki da ayyukan raya kasa na Jamus bayan yakin duniya na sake samu wani babban koma baya ne.

A lokaci guda a cikin Ruhr yankin, inda akwai da yawa mahakar akwai wani tawaye na ma'aikata. A soji yankin da sojojin da aka gabatar, na gāba da yanke shawara na da yarjejeniyar da Versailles. A mayar da martani ga take hakkin da yarjejeniyar Faransa rundunarsa suka shiga a Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Hanau, Homburg, Duisburg da kuma wasu sauran kasashen yammaci birane.

Dakarun kasashen waje a sake bar Jamus a lokacin rani 1920. Duk da haka, tashin hankali a dangantakar da nasara kasashen nace. An sa tsarin harkokin kudi na Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko. Gwamnati ba ta da isasshen kudi don reparations. A mayar da martani ga jinkiri a biya zuwa Faransa da Belgium sun shagaltar da Ruhr yankin. Sojojinsu sun akwai a 1923-1926 gg.

rikicin tattalin arzikin

Jamus kasashen waje da manufofin bayan yakin duniya na II mayar da hankali a kan aikin na gano akalla wasu hadin gwiwa da moriyar. Shiryar da wadannan sharudda, a 1922 da Weimar Jamhuriyar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Soviet Rasha yarjejeniyar da Rapallo. The daftarin aiki kira ga farkon diplomasiyya lambobi tsakanin ware dan damfara jihohi. Haduwa da Jamus da kuma Rasha Federation (kuma daga baya Tarayyar Soviet) sa damunsu tsakanin Turai jari hujja kasashe, watsi da Bolsheviks, da kuma musamman a kasar Faransa. A 1922, 'yan ta'adda kashe Walter Rathenau - ministan harkokin wajen kasar, ta shirya ta sayi wata yarjejeniya a Rapallo.

External matsaloli na Jamus bayan yakin duniya na ƙẽƙasassu kafin ciki. Saboda da m yunkuri, buga da reparations ga tattalin arzikin kasar da kara birgima a cikin zurfin jãhilci. The gwamnatin kokarin ajiye halin da ake ciki ta kara saki na kudi.

A halitta sakamakon wannan manufar ya kumbura, kuma da taro impoverishment na yawan jama'a. The kudin na kasa kudin (takardar mark) ba a daina ragewa. Kumbura girma a cikin hyperinflation. Albashin da ake tausayin jami'an da kuma malamai biya kilo takarda kudi, amma saya wadannan miliyoyin akwai kome ba. Kudin stoked gagarumar wuta. Talauci ya kai ga haushi. Mutane da yawa masana tarihi sun daga baya ya nuna cewa, shi ya zamantakewa juyi yarda ka zo da hukumomin da amfani populist taken nationalists.

A shekarar 1923, da Comintern kokarin dauki amfani da rikicin da kuma shirya ƙoƙari wani sabon juyin juya halin. Ta kasa. Cibiyar 'yan adawa gurguzu, da kuma gwamnatin fara Hamburg. Sojojin suka shiga birni. A barazana zo ba kawai daga hagu. Bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da Bavarian Soviet Jamhuriyar Munich ya zama wani karfi na nationalists da kuma Conservatives. A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1923 a birnin akwai wani juyin mulki shirya wani matashi dan siyasa Adolf Hitler. A mayar da martani ga wani tawaye Ebert Reich shugaba hõre baci. Giya Hall Putsch aka niƙa, kuma ta initiators aka jarrabi. Hitler ya a kurkuku kawai 9 months. Dawo zuwa 'yanci, ya fara tare da kara ga hawan mulki.

"Golden Twenties"

Hyperinflation ya keta matasa Weimar Jamhuriyar, aka dakile ta bullo da wani sabon kudin - haya brands. Kudin gyare-gyare da isowa daga kasashen waje zuba jari a hankali ya jagoranci kasar a cikin wani hankali, kuma kõ dã yawan na ciki rikice-rikice.

Musamman da amfani tasiri kudi zo daga kasashen waje a cikin nau'i na American rance a karkashin shirin na Charles Dawes. A cikin'yan shẽkaru da ci gaban tattalin arziki na Jamus bayan yakin duniya na haifar da wani dogon-jiran karfafawa daga cikin halin da ake ciki. zumunta ci gaba a cikin tsawon 1924-1929 gg. Ina kira da "Golden Twenties".

A waje da manufofin na Jamus bayan yakin duniya na cikin wadanda shekaru ya kuma ci nasara. A 1926, ta shiga cikin League of Nations, kuma ya kasance mai cikakken memba na duniya al'umma, halitta a bãyan na yarjejeniyar da Versailles. Muna kula da dangantakar abokantaka tare da Tarayyar Soviet. A 1926, Soviet da kuma Jamus jami'an diplomasiya sun sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya Berlin na saka hannu da kuma wadanda ba ta'adi.

Wani muhimmin diplomasiyya yarjejeniya zama Briand yarjejeniya - Kellogg. Wannan yarjejeniya, ya sa hannu a 1926 da key manyan kasashen duniya (ciki har da Jamus), ya ayyana da renunciation na yaki a matsayin siyasa da kayan aiki. Haka abin ya fara aiwatar da samar da wani tsarin na Turai na gama tsaro.

A shekara ta 1925 zaben da aka gudanar a sabuwar Reich shugaban kasar. The shugaban kasa da aka Janar Paul von Hindenburg, wanda kuma sa da daraja na Field Marshal. Ya kasance daya daga cikin key shugabannin Kaiser sojojin a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ciki har da ayyukan directed a gaban a Gabas Prussia, inda yaki tare da sojojin Tsarist Rasha sun. Rhetoric Hindenburg ya markedly daban-daban daga bakin da ya gada, Ebert. Tsohon soja rayayye amfani da populist taken na anti-gurguzu da kasa hali. Wadannan gauraye da sakamakon jagoranci shekaru bakwai siyasa ci gaban Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko. Akwai har yanzu wasu alamu na rashin zaman lafiya. Alal misali, a majalisar ya ba da manyan jam'iyyar da kuma sojojin kawancen jayayya kullum sami kansu a kan gab da rugujewa. Wakilai a kusan kowane lokaci arangama da gwamnati.

The Great ciki

A shekara ta 1929 a Amurka akwai wani kasuwar jari karo a kan Wall Street. Saboda wannan, ya tsaya da rancen zuwa kasashen waje Jamus. A tattalin arziki da rikicin, nan da nan da ake kira Great mawuyacin shafi dukan duniya, amma kuwa shi ne Weimar Jamhuriyar sha wahala daga shi karfi fiye da wasu. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun da kasa cimma dangi, amma ba dadewa kwanciyar hankali. The Great mawuyacin sauri ya kai ga rushewar Jamus tattalin arziki, take hakkin fitarwa, salla rashin aikin yi, da kuma wasu rikice-rikice.

Wani sabon mulkin demokra Jamus bayan yakin duniya na farko, a takaice, da aka shafe da yanayi ya canja wannan ta bai iya. A kasar ne dauke da dogara a kan Amurka, da kuma US rikicin ba zai ji ciwo a m duka. Duk da haka, zuba mai a kan wuta, da kuma gida yan siyasa. Gwamnati, majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma shugaban kasa a akai rikici kuma ba zai iya tsayar da wata bukata sosai-hulda.

A halitta sakamakon rashin biyan bukata da na yanzu halin da ake ciki na yawan ya zama m girma. Led by kuzari Hitler NSDAP (National Socialist Party Jamus) shekara bayan shekara samu a daban-daban zaben mafi kuri'u. A al'umma ya zama m muhawara game da soka a baya, betrayals da Yahudawa hadin kai. Musamman m ƙiyayya ga unknown maƙiyi samu matasa, wanda ya girma har bayan da yaki da ba a gane ta tsoro.

The zuwa ga ikon da Nazis

A shahararsa na Nazi jam'iyyar jagoranci ta shugaban Adolf Hitler a harkokin siyasa. Gwamnati da kuma 'Yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka fara yi la'akari da m kasa a matsayin memba na ciki ikon haduwa. Jam'iyyun demokradiya ba kafa a united gaban da duk Nazis ana samun shahararsa. Mutane da yawa centrists nemi a Hitler ta ɗan kura. Wasu tunanin short-rayu pawn. A gaskiya, Hitler, ba shakka, ya ba ta kasance hõrarriya adadi, kuma deftly amfani da kowane damar kara da shahararsa, zama da shi da wani tattalin arziki da rikicin ko da zargi tsarinsu.

A watan Maris 1932, mun zartar da zaben na gaba Reich shugaban kasar. Hitler ya yanke shawarar su shiga a cikin yakin neman zabe. Shamaki domin shi ya nasa Austria dan kasa. A kan Hauwa'u na zaben, ministan cikin gida Brunswick lardin nada wani siyasa jami'in a cikin Berlin gwamnati. Wannan ƙa'ida yarda Hitler don samun Jamus dan kasa. A zaben a farko da kuma zagaye na biyu, sai ya ɗauki na biyu wuri, rasa kawai Hindenburg.

Reich shugaba mallakar shugaban na NSDAP tare da taka tsantsan. Duk da haka, taka tsantsan tsofaffi shugaban kasa da aka sa barci da yawa mashawarci, ya yi imanin cewa Hitler ya kamata ku ji tsoro. Janairu 30, 1930 wani m kasa, an nada kansila - da shugaban gwamnatin. M Hindenburg zaton zasu sarrafa minion na arziki, amma sun kasance ba daidai ba.

A gaskiya ma, Janairu 30, 1933 ãƙibar da mulkin demokra] Weimar Jamhuriyar. Ba da da ewa, da dokokin "A gaggawa Powers" da "A Kariya daga cikin Mutane da Jihar", wanda ya kafa mulkin kama karya na uku Reich da aka dauka. A watan Agusta, 1934, bayan mutuwar shekaru Hindenburg, Hitler ya zama Fuhrer (shugaban) na Jamus. NSDAP aka ayyana da kawai da shari'a jam'iyyar. Ba shan la'akari da 'yan tarihi darasi, Jamus bayan yakin duniya na sake hau a cikin hanya na sojojin kasar. An muhimmin ɓangare na akida da sabon jihar zama revanchism. Kadawa a karshe yaki da Jamus fara shirya ga wani ko mafi tsanani zubar da jini.