M ɓangare na kalma. Haruffan gagarumin sassa na kalmomi

Morphemic bincike na kalmomi - daya daga cikin mafi wuya, kuma duk da haka ta yaya daidai tsince mai ma'ana wani bangare na kalmar dogara a kan ta daidai kuskure. Morpheme da hannu a cikin samuwar sabuwar kalmomi, su sunayen ana nuna ta wajen kalmar samuwar. Karatu da kalmomi 5th sa, sa'an nan a cikin bakwai, suna maimaita ta a cikin nazarin da taken "Word samuwar". Kamar yadda ka gani, ilimi morphemics - daya daga cikin gini tubalan a kan wanda ya gina harshe. Yanayin rubutu m matsayin dangi zuwa sauran morphemes, danniya, da kuma lexical ma'anar phonemes cewa yin up. Wannan yana nufin mahimmin juzu'in da kalmar, abin da suka kasance, da yadda za a rubuta, bayyana, a wannan labarin.

Morphemics - kimiyya game sassa na magana

Morphemics ɓangare na kimiyya na harshe matsayin horo cewa karatu da muhimmanci ɓangare na kalmar akayi daban-daban, kazalika da abun da ke ciki na alama. Morpheme - a mahimmin juzu'in da kalmar, wanda kayyade da darajar. A tushen da kuma kari na baya baki, prefix da kuma karshen, kafuwar - yana da morpheme.

Raba kalmomi a kan rawar da kalma, kazalika a kan halin da ake ciki a dangane da juna. Akidar - wannan shi ne babban ɓangare na ma'ana kalmomi. Ba tare da shi, da alama ba zai iya zama. Shi ne ko da yaushe akwai. Sauran sassa na jawabin ake kira affixes. Dangane da wuri, sun kasu kashi kari kafin kalma (tsaye a gaban tushen) da kuma suffixes (located bayan tushen) da kuma lankwashewa. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin irin rawa da.

Wasu morpheme da hannu a cikin samuwar sabuwar kalmomi, kari na baya baki, prefix. Others (lankwashewa) form nahawu siffofin.

Me ake nufi da gagarumin ɓangare na kalmar? Amsar mai sauki - da suka shafi da darajar, nau'in ko lexical. Za ka iya raba kalma a cikin sassa, syllables ko syllables kungiyar. Amma mas'ala ta muhimmancin dangantakar su da so ba.

tushen

Bari mu fara da mafi muhimmanci na ba tare da wanda ba tunani na kalmar - da tushe. Yana kammala babban lexical ma'anar.

Tare da manufar da morpheme haɗa dangi - wannan tushen kalmar. Wadannan su ne alamu da cewa suna da wannan asalinsu. Na cognate kalmomi kafa sheƙarsu, ƙanana da manyan. Saboda haka, a cikin kalmomi na yisti kawai daya tushen kalmar - yisti. Kuma kalmar star gida yafi: wani star, wani star, interstellar, ƙungiyar taurari, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Don ware da tushen wajibi ne a ayyana lexical ma'anar kalmar. Saboda haka, irin wannan kara kalmomi iya daban-daban tushen: sanyi a cikin ma'anar haske sanyi da kuma yayyafi a cikin darajar yayyafi. A cikin farko idan na 'yan asalin -moroz-, a karo na biyu - -moros-. Kamar yadda ka gani, gagarumin sassa na kuskure kalmomi, da kuma musamman da tushen, sun fi mayar dogara a kan su? Arfi, kuma lexical ma'anar.

Akwai ma Multi-mai daraja asalinsu. Saboda haka, -vod- tushen akalla biyu ma'ana. Idan muna magana ne game da kalmomi su fitar da, fitarwa, shugaba, gubar, wannan tushen suturta wani mataki. A cikin kalmomin da ruwa, da ruwa, da tushen da mai nutsa darajar -vod- suturta akidar zuwa ruwa.

orfogrammy tushen

Akidar - mai ma'ana ɓangare na kalmar, wani kuskure wanda dole ne a dauka tare da kula. Bayan duk, shi ne kammala asali lexical ma'anar. Akwai da dama orfogramm wannan morpheme. Su suna da alaka da alternating sauti na vowels da kuma baƙaƙe, da waɗanda graphemes cewa an leka karfi wuri.

Tushen da alternating vowels tuna. Kullum za a iya raba da dama da maki:

1. Duba matsayi da danniya. Saboda haka, a cikin tushen -gar - / - gor- rubuta wasika da a jaddada, a duk sauran lokuta - na: ƙona, tan. A wannan tushen -zar - / - Zor. -klan - / - klon-. -tvar - / - m.
2. Bari bi ta wata wasika. Yana tushen -lag- (a) / - ƙarya. -kas- (a) / - CBS. -rast - / - rasch - / - ros-, kazalika da yawa Tushen tare da canzawar e / da: -ber - / - Biyer. -der - / - dir-. Perot - / - Pir da sauransu. Misalai: imani / sa. touch / touch; shuka / noma / gadaje. kai / na dauke.
3. Bari lafazi. Duba sama kalmomi cewa sauti ya unstressed: win - nasara. Last - da tabbaci kalma a cikin abin da wasikar ta e tsaye a cikin buga matsayi.

Amma ga unpronounceable baƙaƙe, shi ne don duba bukata wasika, kana bukatar ka sami kalmomin zuwa rukuni na da kyau da ake bukata da aka ji: Gaskiya - girmamawa. Kalma ta biyu - tabbaci.

ƙare

Karshen - formative ɓangare na kalma. Yana nuna ta nahawu ma'anar (jinsi, yawan, idan akwai). Yana iya zama sifili.

Kamar yadda wasu sassa na magana ba ya unsa canje-canje a cikin nahawu fom - ba su da wani karshen. Saka a wadannan sassa na jawabin sifili ƙarewa - wannan kwaɓe. Yana nuna cewa mutane ba su fahimci cewa wannan ya nuna wani m ɓangare na kalma. Waɗannan su ne sassa na magana, kamar:

• Yar bab.
• Gerund.
• A kananan kungiyar na invariable manufofi (m).
• A kamanta mataki na manufofi.
• A kananan kungiyar na possessive magana da (shi, su).

Saboda haka, a cikin kalmar "gida" - a sifili ƙarewa, kamar yadda a cikin kalmar "da baya da baya" kawo karshen nan, saboda yana da wani yar bab - invariable bangare na jawabin.

Don daidai gane karshen, shi wajibi ne don canza kalmar a kan lokuta, mutane ko lambobi. Wannan bangare na jawabin, wanda a cikin wannan yanayin dabam da kuma za su ƙare: sung - rera waka, da kuma rera waka, da kuma rera waka, ko da kan tuddai, amma duwãtsu, s, th duwãtsu.

haruffan endings

Daidaitar da aka bari a karshen da rubuce-rubuce na sunaye kamar haka: shi wajibi ne domin sanin ko a karkatar daidai. A farko ƙi a cikin dative jam'i sunaye da prepositional ya shafi rubutu da kawo karshen -E: wani bango-e, wall-e. Bai shafi zuwa sunaye ƙare a -iya.

Biyu declension endings -E bukatar kawai prepositional: a gidan-e-e na girgije. Togiya - kalmomi ƙare a dace / -ie: a planetarium, a al'adunmu.

Uku declension bukatar kammala s jam'i sunaye a cikin dative, genitive da prepositional: 'yar mahaifiyarsa.'

Amma ga sirri endings na fi'ili, shi wajibi ne domin sanin ko daidai Tasrifu: a karshen Na dauke da wasika e ko y (w) (-esh / -ete / Ym, da dai sauransu). Misalai: pash-ci pash-ete, pash UT.

A II Tasrifu - da haruffa da kuma da (I) (-ish / -ite / -AT et al.). Misalai: budewa-ish, ITE-mikewa, mai shimfiɗa-NY.

A prefix da kari na baya baki

Wani mahimmin juzu'in magana da hannu a cikin samuwar sabuwar? Wannan prefix da kari na baya baki. Console - shi ne wani gagarumin ɓangare na kalmar, wanda tsaye a gaban tushen. Kari na baya baki da yake a bãyansu. Saboda haka, daga cikin kalmomin da wani aboki da taimakon kari kafin kalma ba maƙiyi kafa wata kalma, kuma idan muka yi amfani da -tuples kari na baya baki, mun samu da kalmar aboki. Za ka iya amfani da biyu morphemes, sa'an nan kuma ka samu kalmar al'umma. The hanyoyin amfani ake kira da derivation laqani, kari na baya baki da kuma platformers-kari na baya baki.

Bugu da kari ga formative aiki, suffixes iya samun gyare-gyaren. Saboda haka, domin samuwar baya siga fi'ili kari na baya baki da ake amfani da -l- (Sang kidaya).

Haruffan suffixes da fi'ilai

Orfogrammy a kari na baya baki ne kusan a kowane bangare na jawabin. Bari mu bincika mafi m.

Fi'ilai bukatar sani da wadannan sharudda:

1. -ova suffixes - / - eva-. -iva / -yva-. Kuskure rajistan shiga a kan hanya a farkon mutum na yanzu lokaci a tsaye a mufuradi. Idan wannan tsari da aka yi amfani da -S / -yuyu, da kari na baya baki aka rattaba kalma -ova - / - eva-. In ba haka ba -iva - / - yva-.
2. Suffixes na fi'ili siffofin - da sharu ɗ - an ƙaddara da Tasrifu na fi'ili daga abin da ba participle aka kafa. A farko ya shafi cikin Tasrifu -usch - / - yusch- biyu -asch - / - yasch-.

Haruffan siffa kari na baya baki

siffa suffixes bi dokokin:

1. -ev suffixes - / - iv- girmamawa ya kamata a bari. A karfi wuri na wasiƙa aka rubuta, da kuma a cikin rauni - cikin wasika e, misali, kyakkyawan, yaƙi .. -chiv suffixes - / - rainfalls ya kamata a rubuta a buga, da kuma unstressed matsayi.
2. Kuskure n da nn a cikin siffa kari na baya baki dogara a kan tsarin da kalmomi da kuma amfani da kari na baya baki. Saboda haka, wata kalma kafa daga Misty kari na baya baki n na kalmar hazo. Rubuta nn saboda nn located a jamsin na biyu morphemes. -onn siffa kari na baya baki - / - enn- ko da yaushe aka rubuta tare da HH: Juyin juya halin Musulunci rayuwa.

Haruffan kari na baya baki sunaye

Record for gaban orfogramm a kari na baya baki - suna. wadannan sharudda:

1. Idan muna magana ne game da wani kari na baya baki na nuna sana'a, kafin t, d, s, s, w rubuta -chik-. Alal misali, wani matukin jirgi, wani defector, kwalta, amma lamplighter, da ferryman. Ya kamata kuma a tuna cewa -tel- kari na baya baki aka rubuta na musamman tare da e: malami, malama.
2. A babban rukuni na gajeren suffixes, kuma bukatar da aikace-aikace na dokoki. Yadda suka suna da alaka da danniya, da kuma tare da canji na kalmar form. -tuples suffixes - (- ek) Onokov (-enok-) ya dogara ne a kan danniya. A karfi wuri ne ko da yaushe rubuta game da: Galchonok, kushachok, amma yar kyanwa.
3. Canja look da kuma tsari na kalmar a cikin wadannan lokuta: -ek- ko -ik- rajistan shiga kamar haka: sa magana a cikin genitive. A yi na harafin rubutu -ek-, in ba haka ba - -ik-. Ga misali: aljihu (ba Aljihuna), da key (babu key). A karo na biyu idan harafin da hagu, don haka shi aka adana a kari na baya baki. -ets kari na baya baki - / - its- duba, da kayyade tseren. A cikin maza zai -ets-, mata da kuma neuter - -its-: ɗan'uwansa, amma ruwan cewa dress.

haruffan Consoles

Ba kamar suffixes orfogrammy a Consoles ne guda domin dukan sassa na magana.

1. Sashe na sa-kai kwalaye bukatar ka tuna da bambancin da rubutu ba a cikin Rasha harshe. Mai baza: c. bukukuwa daidai. A zumunta ne. kafin; wani. Misalai: kada je zagaye, ta doke kashe, ja jiki, creep.
2. Bamban Consoles ƙare da s / s wajibi ne don duba sauti, wanda zai fara da tushen. Idan da a bayyana baƙi ko wasali - rubutu kowane in ba haka ba - tare da. Kira (s, wanda ta fara da tushen, bayyana) ko Yunƙurin (tushen fara da n kurãme sauti).
3. Idan tushen fara da, da kuma ya kamata a maye gurbinsu da s, a cikin hali a lokacin da prefix ƙare a wani baƙi. Fage, zane, butulci.
4. A musamman kungiyar na kari kafin kalma xabi'a / pri-. Su rubutu shi ne dogara a kan lexical ma'anar cewa wannan morpheme nuna. Saboda haka, idan muna magana ne game da incompleteness na kawance da kuma m - za a rubuta pri-. Alal misali, jihar bakin teku (a kusa da teku), dan kadan bude (ba cikakken bude), zuwa (gabatowa).