M nama: sifa da aiki. Features jijiya nama. Nau'in na jijiya nama

Mun sau da yawa samu juyayi, kullum tace da shigowa bayanai, amsa ga duniya kewaye da mu da kuma kokarin saurare jikinka, kuma a duk wannan muna taimaka da ban mamaki Kwayoyin. Su ne sakamakon dogon juyin halitta, sakamakon na aikin yanayi cikin ci gaban da kwayoyin a Duniya.

Ba za mu iya ce cewa mu tsarin na ji, bincike da kuma mayar da martani ne manufa. Amma muna sosai nĩsantarwa daga dabbobi. Fahimci yadda wani hadadden tsarin, yana da muhimmanci sosai ba kawai ga kwararru - da masana halittu da kuma likitoci. Wannan na iya zama interested in, da kuma mutane na sauran harkokin rayuwa.

The bayanai a wannan labarin, shi ne samuwa ga kowa da kowa da kuma iya zama da amfani ba kawai a matsayin ilimi, saboda fahimtar da kwayoyin - da mažalli don fahimtar da kanka.

Ga abin da ta ke da alhakin

Human m nama yana da wani musamman tsarin da aikin bambancin da neurons da su musamman interactions. Bayan duk, kwakwalwar mu - da wuya sosai shirya tsarin. Kuma zuwa ga gudanar da hali, motsin zuciyarmu da kuma tunani, muna bukatar wani hadadden cibiyar sadarwa.

Jijiya nama, tsarin da aiki da cewa ma'anar da wani sa na neurons - Kwayoyin tare da zangarniya - da kuma sanin da al'ada aiki na jiki, na farko, na samar da hadewa aiki na duk sashin jiki tsarin. Abu na biyu, shi ya haɗu da jiki zuwa waje muhalli, da kuma samar da wani Na'urar mayar da martani ga ta canji. Abu na uku, iko metabolism karkashin sãɓãwar launukansa yanayi. Duk wani nau'i na jijiya nama ne mai kayan bangaren na psyche: ƙararrawa tsarin - jawabin da tunani, peculiarities na hali a cikin al'umma. Wasu masana kimiyya sun hypothesized cewa wani mutum ya kara da hankali, domin wanda ya yi "hadaya" dabbobin da yawa ne m. Alal misali, ba mu da m gani da kuma ji, abin da zai iya gadara da dabbobi.

Jijiya nama, tsarin da aiki da waxanda suke a-akai na lantarki da kuma sinadaran watsa ne a fili sarrafa effects. A bambanci ga humoral, da tsarin abubuwa nan da nan.

Mutane da yawa kananan riwayar

Kwayoyin na juyayi nama - da neurons - ne tsarin da kuma aikin raka'a na juyayi tsarin. Neuron sifar tantanin halitta halin da wuya, kuma Ya ƙãra aikin specialization. A tsarin da neuron kunshi eukaryotic jiki (Soma) wanda diamita da kuma 3-100 microns tafiyar matakai. Soma neuron qunshi wani tsakiya da kuma nucleolus da biosynthetic na'ura wanda Forms enzymes, abubuwa muhimmi ga na musamman ayyuka na neurons. Wannan maraƙi Nissl - tam dab da juna mĩƙe ramukan da na kausasa endoplasmic reticulum da Golgi inji ci gaba.

The ayyuka na jijiya cell za a iya ci gaba da za'ayi, saboda da yawa a cikin jiki "ikon shuke-shuke" samar da ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton gabatar neurofilaments da microtubules, taka wani goyon rawa. A lokacin asarar membrane Tsarin lipofuscin pigment aka hada, da yawan wanda ƙara da kara shekaru na neuron. A kara neurons pigment kafa melatonin. A nucleolus aka hada da furotin da kuma RNA da DNA daga core. A yanayin halitta na juya na nucleolus da basophils sanin ko primary halayya halayen a cikin mutane, tun da sun dogara ne a kan aiki da kuma mita na lambobin sadarwa. Jijiya nama ya hada da asali tsarin naúrar - da neuron, amma akwai wasu irin goyon bayan da nama.

Features na tsarin jijiya Kwayoyin

Dvuhmembrannoe tsakiya neurons yana pores ta hanyar abin da shiga cikin sharar abubuwa an samu. Ta hanyar kwayoyin na'ura bambantawa auku haifar da sanyi da kuma mita na interactions. Wani kwaya aiki ne da tsari na gina jiki kira. Balagagge neurons ba zai iya raba mitosis, kuma genetically niyya aiki kayayyakin rairaya kowane neuron kamata tabbatar da aiki da kuma homeostasis a ko'ina cikin rayuwar sake zagayowar. Sauyawa daga lalace kuma m sassa ne kawai intracellularly iya faruwa. Amma akwai ban. A epithelium na olfactory analyzer wasu ganglia dabbobi iya raba.

Kwayoyin na juyayi nama yana gani bambanta da wani iri-iri masu girma dabam da kuma siffofi. Neurons halin da sababbu siffar saboda matakai, sau da yawa m kuma overgrown. Wannan - live conductors na'urar sakonni, wanda an hada da reflex baka. M nama, tsarin da aiki na wanda ya dogara a kan sosai bambanta Kwayoyin, wanda rawa kunshi a ji na azanci bayanai shigar da shi ta hanyar na'urar hatsaisai da yada sauran bambanta Kwayoyin, shi ne iya samar da wani mayar da martani. Shi ne kusan instantaneous. Amma wasu abubuwa, ciki har da barasa, ƙwarai rage ta.

game da axons

Duk wani nau'i na juyayi nama aiki tare da kai tsaye hallara matakai-dendrites da axons. Axon aka fassara daga Girkanci matsayin "axis". Wannan Extended tsari, da conductive jiki da zumudi-zangarniya zuwa wasu neurons. Axon tips na sosai branched, kowane iya maida martani da 5,000 neurons da 10 ta samar da dubban lambobin sadarwa.

Wuri Soma, daga abin da rassan kashe axon, da ake kira axon hillock. Yana hadawa da axon cewa sun rasa m endoplasmic reticulum, RNA, kuma enzymatic hadaddun.

A bit na dendrites

Wannan sunan na nufin cell "itace". Kamar rassan, daga Soma girma stubby da karfi sashe tafiyar matakai. Sun sami sakonni da suke loci inda akwai synapses. Dendrites via gefen rassan - spines - kara da surface yankin da haka lambobi. Dendrites ba tare da inuwõyi, da axons suna kewaye da wani myelin daina kai hare hare. Myelin ne sia yanayi, da kuma ta mataki ne kama da insulating Properties na roba ko roba shafi lantarki wayoyi. da samar da zumudi batu - axon hillock - ya auku a shafin na asalin da axon daga Soma a cikin jawo zone.

White al'amari hawa da sauka tafarkin da a kwakwalwa da kuma kashin baya axons fom da wanda jijiyar aka gudanar, da introducer dauke da aiki - neurotransmission. The na'urar sakonni suna daukar kwayar cutar zuwa daban-daban sassan na kwakwalwa da kuma laka, dauke da fitar sadarwa a tsakanin su. A zartarwa jikuna a lokaci guda za a iya haɗa ta rabe. Gray al'amari na cerebral bawo aka kafa. A kashin baya canal ne cibiyar da m reflexes (sneezing, tari) da kuma autonomic cibiyoyin na reflex ayyuka na ciki, urination, defecation. Intercalary neurons, jiki da kuma dendrites na mota yin reflex aiki, dauke da fitar motor halayen.

Features na jijiya nama saboda da yawan tafiyar matakai. Neurons ne unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, bipolar. The mutum juyayi nama ya aikata ba unipolar daya outgrowth na neurons. A multipolar - wani yawa na dendritic kututturan. Wannan sashe ba ya shafar gudun da sigina.

Daban-daban Kwayoyin - a iri-iri ayyuka

The aiki na jijiya cell ne ware daga kungiyoyin na neurons. Kwarewa a reflex baka ko rarrabe afferent azanci shine neurons, gudanar da hasken dake fitowa daga cikin gabobin da kuma fata ga kwakwalwa.

Intercalary neurons, ko jam'iyya, - wani rukuni na sauya sheka ko a haɗa neurons cewa bincika da kuma yin shawara, dauke da jijiya cell aiki.

Efferent neurons, ko m, rike bayanai game da majiyai - da hasken dake fitowa daga fata da kuma kayan ciki zuwa kwakwalwa.

Efferent neurons, effector, ko motsi, hali hasken dake fitowa - da "tawagar" daga kwakwalwa da kuma laka duk aiki jikinsu.

Properties na jijiya nama cewa neurons aiki hadaddun da kayan ado aiki a cikin jiki, duk da haka humdrum m aiki - samar da abinci, kau na lalata kayayyakin, m aiki samun karin ko goyon bayan neuroglial Kwayoyin Schwann.

Kan aiwatar da samuwar jijiya Kwayoyin

Kwayoyin na na tsarin jijiya bututu da kuma wani bambantawa ganglion farantin fassara siffofin na tsarin jijiya nama a biyu kwatance zama manyan neuroblasts da neurocytes. Kananan sel (spongioblasty) bã ya ƙãra da kuma zama glial Kwayoyin. Jijiya nama, iri yadudduka da an hada ta neurons, kunshi da babban da kuma karin. Karin sel ( "glial Kwayoyin") ne na musamman sifa da aiki. A tsakiyar m tsarin da aka wakilta da wadannan iri glial Kwayoyin: ependimotsitami, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes. gefe - gliocytes ganglia, m kuma neyrolemmotsitami glial Kwayoyin - Schwann Kwayoyin. Ependimotsity rami rufi ventricles na kwakwalwa da kuma kashin baya canal kuma asirce da cerebrospinal ruwa. Nau'in na jijiya nama - astrocytes, star-dimbin yawa form nama m da fari al'amarin. A Properties daga cikin juyayi nama - astrocytes da glial membrane taimaka wa jini-kwakwalwa shãmaki: tsakanin ruwa da kuma connective nama na juyayi wuce tsarin da kuma aikin iyakoki.

Juyin Halitta masana'anta

Babban mallakar wani rai gabar ne irritability ko ji na ƙwarai. jijiya nama irin substantiated phylogenetic matsayi na dabba, kuma yana da fadi da canzawa, complicating aiwatar da juyin halitta. All kwayoyin bukatar wasu sigogi na ciki co-keɓewa, da kuma tsari na dace hulda tsakanin tutu homeostasis da physiological jihar. M nama na dabbobi, musamman kwayar tsarin da kuma ayyuka na wanda halartar aromorphoses, da inganta harkokin rayuwa a gwagwarmayar rayuwa. A m hydroid gabatar stellate, jijiya Kwayoyin warwatse ko'ina cikin jiki da kuma hade mafi kyau matakai, lauye. Wannan irin na tsarin jijiya nama yana kira yaxuwa.

Juyayi tsarin planar da roundworms kara, tsani irin (ortogon) kunshi wata biyu daga cerebral ganglia - gungu na jijiya Kwayoyin da tsawaita daga su a tsaye kututturan (konnektivy) juna ta hanyar giciye-strands commissures. A annelids daga peripharyngeal ganglion alaka strands, ya fita daga ventral jijiya igiyar, wadda a kowane sashi - biyu contiguous jijiya kumburi da alaka da jijiya zaruruwa. Wasu spineless dabzar jijiya ganglia tare da samuwar da kwakwalwa. Sha'awa Da kuma fuskantarwa a cikin sarari tsare ta arthropod cephalization biyu ganglia na kwakwalwa, juyayi da peripharyngeal zobe kuma ventral jijiya sarkar.

A chordate na tsarin jijiya nama, nama iri wadda mãsu tsanani ne, da wuya a samu, amma wannan tsarin evolutionarily wajaba a kansa. Daban-daban yadudduka fito fili da kuma aka shirya a kan dorsal sashi na jiki zuwa samar da na tsarin jijiya tube rami - nevrotsel. A vertabrate an bambanta a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma laka. A samuwar kwakwalwa a gaban ƙarshen tube blistering. Idan ƙananan kwayar juyayi tsarin taka zalla ~ in wadata masaniya rawa, sa'an nan mafi girma dabbobi ne da za'ayi bayanai ajiya, cire, idan ya cancanta, da kuma samar da aiki da kuma hadewa.

A dabbobi masu shayarwa, wadannan kwakwalwa kumburi ba Yunƙurin zuwa manyan sassa na kwakwalwa. Kuma sauran tube Forms da laka. Jijiya nama, tsarin da aiki na wanda a mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa da, ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Wannan m ci gaban da cerebral bawo, da kuma dukan sassa na juyayi tsarin, haddasa wani hadadden karbuwa ga muhalli da yanayi, da kuma tsari na homeostasis.

Cibiyar da kuma periphery

juyayi tsarin suna classified da aikin sassa da kuma ilmin jikin mutum. A ilimin Halittar Jiki tsari ne kama da wuri sunayen inda ware tsakiya m tsarin da kuma na gefe. A tsakiya m tsarin hada kwakwalwa da kuma laka, da kuma na gefe jijiyoyi wakilta, majalisai da kuma terminations. Jijiyoyi matakai gabatar gungu ne CNS myelin daina kai hare hare ta rufe general, gudanar da na'urar sakonni. azanci shine neurons, dendrites samar da azanci shine jijiyoyi axons - motor jijiyoyi.

Majalisar na da tsawo da kuma gajeren siffofin gauraye jijiyoyi sprouting. Tara ya mayar da hankali, neuronal cell gawarwakin dokoki nodes bayan tsakiya m tsarin. Jijiya endings kasu kashi tsoka mai amsa sigina da effector. Dendrites da m rassan hangula tuba a cikin na'urar sakonni. A efferent axons ƙare - a cikin aiki jikinsu, tsokoki, zaruruwa, gland. Nau'in aiki yakan haifar da rabo a cikin somatic juyayi tsarin da kuma m.

Wani abu da muka sarrafa, amma wani abu bayan mu iko

A Properties daga cikin juyayi nama saboda gaskiyar cewa somatic juyayi tsarin ne batun da nufin mutum ba, innerviruya aiki goyon bayan tsarin. Motor cibiyoyin a cikin cerebral bawo. Mai cin gashin kanta, wanda kuma ake kira vegetative, ba ya dogara ne a kan nufin mutum. Bisa da kansa inquiries, ba za ka iya bugun up ko rage gudu da zuciya kidan ko hanji motility. Tun da wuri daga cikin autonomic cibiyoyin - hypothalamus, via da autonomic juyayi tsarin sa ido da zuciya da kuma tasoshin, endocrine tsarin, ciki gabobin.

Jijiya nama, photos da ka iya gani a sama, Forms da m kuma parasympathetic ƙungiyoyin na autonomic juyayi tsarin, wanda damar su yi aiki kamar yadda antagonists, samar da jũna antithetical sakamako. Zumudi a jiki daya sa deceleration a cikin sauran matakai. Alal misali, m neurons sa mai tsanani da kuma m ƙanƙancewa na zuciya da bẽnãye, vasoconstriction, jini tsalle kamar norepinephrine aka saki. Parasimpatika sakewa acetylcholine, na taimaka wa weakening na zuciya rhythms, ƙara da lumen na arteries rage matsa lamba. Daidaita wadannan kungiyoyin masu shiga tsakani da normalize zuciya kari.

The m juyayi tsarin abubuwa a lokacin tsanani danniya a lokacin da tsoratar ko ya jaddada. Signals faruwa a yankin na thoracic da lumbar vertebrae. A parasympathetic tsarin da aka kunna a sauran da kuma narkewa, a lokacin barci. The jikin na neurons - a cikin akwati, kuma sacrum.

A mafi daki-daki nazarin musamman Purkinje Kwayoyin, wanda da pear-dimbin yawa tare da wani jam'i na dendritic sashe, wanda zai iya ganin yadda lokacinta canja wuri, kuma ya bayyana ginshikai na m aiwatar da matakai.