Mutualism - a mutualistic dangantaka iri ...

Mutualism - mai nazarin halittu hulda da inganta harkokin rayuwa da kuma ci gaban da biyu nau'in shirki da shi. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne wani nau'i na symbiosis. Lichens ne mai gargajiya misali domin ya nuna abin da mutualism.

Wani misali - dangantaka tsakanin legumes da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin a nodules a kan asallanta. Mutualism - cewa wasu kusa dangantaka da hure pollinated shuke-shuke, irin su lepidopteran Tegeticula yucasella da yucca.

Facultative da obligate mutualism

Wajibi ne a rarrabe tsakanin wadannan biyu Concepts. Kuma obligate da facultative mutualism ne hadin gwiwa. Hadin gwiwa a wannan harka shi ne amfani ga daya kuma ga wasu nau'in. Duk da haka, a karo na biyu idan, kowane ra'ayi iya zama a cikin kadaici. Obligate mutualism ne - m. Wannan yana nufin cewa babu ba zai iya zama kwayoyin dabam.

mycorrhizae

Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da kuma muhimmanci daga ra'ayi na da lafiyar qasa misalai da muka sha'awar a cikin sabon abu - hulda data kasance tsakanin fungi da jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke. Tushen mafi yawan wadannan shuke-shuke samar da hadaddun Tsarin tare da namomin kaza. Wadannan Tsarin ake kira mycorrhiza. Ba tare da shi, da al'ada ci gaban da tsire-tsire ba zai yiwu. Mycorrhiza, a fili taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shiri na ƙasar. mutualism (symbiosis) ya tartsatsi ne tun fil azal.

mycorrhizal connection

A mafi mu koyi game da su, da bayarda da shi ya zama su muhimmancin da jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke. A da yawa jinsunan nonmycorrhizal mutum a yanayi ne m, ko da idan su girma ne yiwu ba tare da wani m selection na namomin kaza girma yanayi. Mai jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke - da "biyu" na jiki a cikin wannan ma'ana a matsayin lichens, ko da yake wannan biyuntakar ne yawanci ganuwa a cikin aboveground sassa. A cewar ƙasa masanin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Wisconsin S. Wylde, itace cirewa daga ƙasa - shi ne kawai bangare na dukan shuka, surgically rabu daga mamaye da kuma narkewa kamar sashin jiki. A mafi shuke-shuke fungi ta taka gagarumar rawa a cikin assimilation na phosphorus da sauran muhimman abubuwan gina jiki.

Fungi kafa mycorrhiza tare da mafi tsire-tsire ne Zygomycetes. Wannan irin aka kira ta endomikorizoy. Shi ne hankula ga masu rinjaye da ganye, Bishiyoyi. Wasu kungiyoyin na conifers kuma dicotyledons - yafi itatuwa - form mycorrhiza da Basidiomycetes, kazalika da wasu askomitsstami. A wannan yanayin da muke magana ne game da ektomikorize. Wani lokaci yana da matukar takamaiman: daya irin naman gwari interacts kawai da wani irin jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke, ko wani rukuni na da alaka da jinsunan. An sani, misali, cewa basidiomycete Boletus elegans hade ne kawai tare da larch (Larix) na softwood. Sauran mycorrhizal fungi form gandun daji jinsunan a kan goma danginsu. Ektomikoriza musamman halayyar nau'in bishiyoyi gwada da matalauta al'ummomi da suke zaune a high latitudes na Arewa yammancin duniya, ko a cikin tsaunuka.

Itacen da tururuwa

A mafi hadaddun misalai na mutualism faruwa a cikin yammacin sahara, inda da bambancin da kwayoyin ne da ya fi yadda a temperate yankunan. Saboda haka, a cikin tropics da subtropics ne tartsatsi itacen (itatuwa da kuma shrubs na HALITTAR Acacia). Dangantaka tsakanin wasu iri wadannan shuke-shuke a filayen Mexico da kuma Tsakiyar America da tururuwa da cewa rayuwa a cikin zanganniyarsa - mai ban mamaki misali na hadaddun interactions tsakanin dabbobi da shuke-shuke. Musamman suna bayyana su za a iya gano Pseudomyrmex irin tururuwa.

Wadannan itacen a gindin kowane takardar yana da wani biyu daga inflated studs wanda tsawon shi ne fiye da 2 cm. Nectaries ne petioles da ganye suna located a iyakar qananan gina jiki gawarwakin ake magana Belt 'yan maruƙa. Ants rayuwa a ciki da m studs, ciyar da sugars daga nectaries corpuscles da ɗamararku, wanda sun dauki fats da kuma sunadarai. Itacen girma sosai da sauri da kuma su ne musamman na kowa a damuwa yankunan, inda gasar tsakanin girma shuka-mulkin mallaka ne sau da yawa sosai tsanani. Thomas Belt farko aka bayyana a cikin dangantakar dake tsakanin Pseudornyrmex da wadannan itatuwa a cikin littafinsa "The halittu a Nicaragua» (The halittu a Nicaragua), da aka buga a 1874

Sauran iri mutualistic dangantaka

Akwai su da yawa wasu iri kwayoyin dauri dangantaka, wadda bayyana mutualism. Wannan, misali, Itatuwa a jeji (da kuma ganye) cewa sukan Fused tare da asalinsu. A sakamakon haka, na gina jiki da aka canjawa wuri daga daya shuka zuwa wani hadadden da kuma gaba daya m hanya, da kuma rayuwa mai nau'in a wani yanki ne a zahiri dogara a kan wurin wani, tare da abin da shi Forms bond. itace kututture iya rayuwa illa ma sha Allahu, ko da yake bã tãre da photosynthetic gabobin, saboda Tushen ana Fused tare da sauran mutane da kuma iya karɓar su gina jiki. Wasu cututtuka, kamar itacen oak so bã a Midwest da kuma gabashin Amurka, kuma za a iya daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar irin wannan tushen "lamba".

Kamar yadda ka gani, mutualism - wani m sabon abu a cikin yanayi. Shi ne na musamman nau'i na symbiosis.