Rum: A tarihin Yunƙurin kuma fall

The Roman Empire, daya daga cikin mafi girma da tsoho jihar tsarin, a karni na fari na mu zamanin shiga ƙi. Wurare da dama a kabilai, da ƙananan mataki na wayewa, suka hallakar da yawa daga cikin al'adunmu na zamanin d duniya. Amma Madawwami City aka ba ƙaddara mutuwa: shi aka farfado a kan bankunan na Bosphorus da kuma shekaru masu yawa mamaki Sahaban da da ƙawa.

biyu Roma

A tarihin abin da ya faru na Rum tana nufin tsakiyar III karni, a lokacin da Roman Sarkin sarakuna ya zama Flaviy Valery Avreliy Konstantin, Constantine I (Mai girma). A wannan lokacin da Roman jihar an tsãge ta ciki jayayya da precipitated da waje makiya. Status of gabashin larduna kasance mafi m, kuma Constantine yanke shawarar komawa babban birnin a cikin daya daga cikinsu. A 324, a bakin Bosphorus Konstantinoful yi ya fara, kuma a cikin 330, ya aka sanar a matsayin sabon Roma.

Tun da farkon ta zama Byzantine Empire, wanda yana da wani tarihi na goma sha ƙarni.

Hakika, game da duk wani barga jihar iyakokin da aka ba a tattauna a wannan lokaci. A tsawon tsawon rai, ikon Konstantinoful da aka raunana, shi sake komawa mulki.

Justinian da Theodora

A fannoni da dama, da Jihar harkokin cikin kasar ta dogara a kan mutuntakar ta m, wanda a general ne halayyar jihohin da cikakkar daular mulkinsu, wanda ya kasance daga Rum. A tarihin ta ci gaba ne inextricably nasaba da sunan Sarkin sarakuna Justinian na da matarsa, da Empress Theodora (527-565.) - mata ne sosai m kuma a fili musamman hazaka.

By farkon na V karni daular juya a cikin wani karamin Rum jihar, da kuma sabon sarki aka damu da wani irin ra'ayin rayar da tsohon daukaka: ya yi nasara sararin yankuna a kasashen yamma, ya cimma zaman lafiya tare da Farisa a Gabas.

Tarihi na Byzantine al'ada ne inextricably nasaba da zamanin sarautar Justinian. Shi ne da godiya ga kulawa a yau akwai Monuments na zamanin d gine-gine, a matsayin wani masallaci Hagia Sofia a Istanbul, ko da Church of San Vitale a Ravenna. Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri nasarorin da sarki masana tarihi yi imani da codification na Roman dokar, wanda ya zama tushen shari'a da tsarin na da yawa kasashen Turai.

na da mores

Yi da kuma m wars bukata babban ciyarwarsu. Sarkin sarakuna karshe tãyar da haraji. A jama'a da aka girma damunsu. A watan Janairu 532, a lokacin da ya faru na da sarki a kan Hippodrome (wani analogue na Coliseum, wanda zai iya saukar da dubu 100. Mutane), tarzoma ta barke, girma a cikin wani babban-sikelin bore. Yana gudanar da kashe tawaye na unprecedented rashin tausayi: 'yan tawayen rinjayi su zo da Hippodrome, kamar yadda idan tattaunawar, sa'an nan kulle ƙofar kuma kashe kowane daya.

Prokopiy Kessariysky rahoton game da mutuwar 30 dubu mutane. Abin lura shi ne cewa da kambi na sarki kiyaye matarsa Theodora, aka ta gamsu Justinian shirye su gudu su ci gaba da yaki, ya ce ya fi son mutuwa tserewa, "da sarauta da iko - wani kyakkyawan shroud."

A 565, daular hada da sassa na ƙasar Syria, da Balkans, Italiya, Girka, Palestine, Asia Ƙananan da kuma arewacin tekun na Afirka. Amma m wars shafi jihar da kasa raunana. Bayan rasuwar Justinian iyakar sake fara ji ƙyama.

"Macedonian Renaissance"

The 867 zo iko Vasily I, ya kafa na Macedonian daular, wanda wanzu har 1054. Wannan zamanin masana tarihi kira "Macedonian Renaissance" kuma an dauki mafi girma flowering na na da jihar na duniya, wanda a lokacin shi ne Byzantine Empire.

A tarihin nasara al'adu da kuma addini fadada daga cikin Eastern Roman Empire, sananniyar to duk States of Gabashin Turai: daya daga cikin mafi halayyar fasali na kasashen waje da manufofin na Konstantinoful wani mishan. Shi ne da godiya ga rinjayar da Byzantine Empire a Gabas yaduwar ga reshe na Kristanci, wadda, bayan da coci tsaga a 1054 ya zama orthodoxy.

Turai al'adu babban birnin kasar na duniya

The Art of Eastern Roman Empire aka haɗa dangi da addini. Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin 'yan ƙarni na siyasa da kuma addini Elite ba zai iya yarda ko bauta alfarma images of bautar gumaka (da motsi aka kira iconoclasm). A kan aiwatar da wani babbar dama da mutummutumai, frescoes da mosaics kasance halakakku.

Musamman tilasta labarin Empire Arts Rum cikin ta zama ba, ya mai irin kula da tsoho da al'adu da kuma gudummawar da yaduwar tsoho Greek adabi a Italiya. Wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa shi ne sun fi mayar saboda kasancewar New Roma sanya yiwu Renaissance.

A zamanin da Macedonian daular na Byzantine Empire gudanar neutralize biyu babban makiyan jihar: Larabawa a gabas, da kuma Bulgaria da arewa. Tarihi kan na karshe nasara ne da ban sha'awa. A sakamakon wani mamaki kai hari kan abokan gaba ga sarki Basil II gudanar ya kama 14.000 fursunoni. Ya aka yi umurni da su makantar da su, da barin daya ido kawai kowane ta dari, sa'an nan bari je na mutilated mutane gida. Ganin ya makafi sojoji, da Bulgarian Tsar Samuil sha wahala a bugun jini daga wanda ya taba dawo dasu. Na da mores kasance, haƙĩƙa, mai tsanani.

Bayan rasuwar Basil II, na karshe wakilin Macedonian daular, labarin faduwar Rum fara.

karanta marigayi

A 1204, Konstantinoful farko sallamãwa karkashin mãsu alãma daga makiya: fushi m yaƙin neman zaɓe a "ƙasar alkawari", da Salibiyya shiga birnin, ya sanar da halittar Latin Empire da Byzantine ƙasashe aka raba tsakanin Faransa barons.

New ilimi wanzu dogon Yuli 51 1261 Konstantinoful ba tare da wani yaki ya dauki Michael Sabunta Palaeologus, wanda ya sanar da Tarurrukan na Eastern Roman Empire. Ya kafa Byzantine daular mulki har ta fall, amma kwamitin ya kyawawan pathetic. A karshen sarakunan rayu a handouts daga Genoese da Venetian yan kasuwa, har ma da sauƙi sata da coci da kuma masu zaman kansu dukiya.

Fall na Konstantinoful

By farkon da XIV karni daga tsohon yankuna sun kawai Konstantinoful, Thessaloniki da kuma kananan, warwatse enclaves a kudancin kasar Girka. A matsananciyar yunkurin na karshe Byzantine sarki Manuel II enlist taimakon soji daga yammacin Turai ba nasara. May 29, 1453, Konstantinoful da aka ci nasarar da na biyu da kuma na karshe lokaci.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II sake masa suna birnin Istanbul da kuma babban Kirista haikali na gari, da Cathedral of St. Sophia zama masallaci. Tare da bacewar babban birnin na Byzantine Empire bace, da kuma tarihi daga cikin mafi iko na da jihar tsaya har abada.

Rum, Konstantinoful da kuma New Roma

Yana da wani m cewa da sunan "Byzantine Empire" fito bayan ta auka: karo na farko da ta auku a Ieronima Volfa nazari riga a 1557. A lokaci ya sunan birnin Rum, Konstantinoful, a kan site wanda aka gina. Mazauna kira shi ba kawai a matsayin Roman daular da kansa - Romawa (Romeo).

The al'adu da tasiri na Byzantine Empire a cikin kasashen dake gabashin Turai ba za a iya overestimated. Duk da haka, da farko Rasha masanin kimiyya ne da soma nazarin wannan na da jihar, ya Yu. A. Kulakovsky. "History of Rum" a uku kundin aka buga kawai a farkon karni na ashirin da ya rufe taron da 359 na 717 a shekara. A karshe 'yan shekaru na rayuwa, masana kimiyya suna shirye su buga karo na hudu girma daga cikin ayyuka, amma bayan mutuwarsa da rubutum samu shi ne, ba zai yiwu a 1919.