Samuwar, Labarin
Schlieffen shirya a taƙaice. Menene Schlieffen Shirin? Schlieffen Shirin - wannan ...
A ƙarshen XIX karni soja ka'idar ya halartar tsanani gwargwado, kuma a lokaci guda samu wani iko da samar da kuzari ga ci gaba. Ana zargin sabon iri da sojojin, sadarwa, gini na iko sulke jiragen ruwa, dauke da makamai manyan-zamo kamar manyan bindigogi, jiragen sama, da kuma airships sanya generals na kasashe da dama su yi tunani game da abin da zai zama yaki na nan gaba. A sa'an nan, a 1891, da Austro-Hungarian Janar Staff fara aiki ta hanyar da mashahuriyar Schlieffen Shirin. Wannan shi ne wani samfurin na Jamus sojojin kasar, sa'an nan, biyu shekarun da suka gabata bayan da m shan kashi, sake loomed kamar fatalwa, shi yana da wani sabon m siyasa theories da dispositions. Darasi na nan gaba ba su tafi ba.
Tarihi ba za a manta, ta zai tunatar da m dalibai a halin yanzu. A takarda za ta tashi a takaice da Schlieffen Shirin, kamar yadda bayani a cikin wani nau'i zai dauka da yawa sarari, kuma da cikakken bayani a cikin wannan yanayin ne ba haka ba muhimmanci. Abin da zance ne da asalinta da kuma siyasa yanayi da cewa jagoranci Count, shugaban ma'aikatan, to tuna Napoleon.
The labari na Nibelungs
Akwai labari game da wani "Jamus yaki na'ura," da bayyanannu, kuma m, da tsari sosai, kuma dogara ne a kan gargajiya Teutonic da'a. Don ƙirƙirar wannan hoton, ba shakka, a hannun al'ada, kamar fim masu yi, wanda ya harbe da yawa fina-finan a wadda babbar ginshikan "baƙin ƙarfe Caputo" tunku? Ãwa rarrafe gaba a wani mummunan music, da kuma sojoji a horned kwalkwali auna taki, bulalar ƙura. Idan, duk da haka, an bude hankali ga la'akari da facts, ya bayyana cewa har karni na sha tara da Jamus sojojin ko ta yaya ba a gudanar a rufe kansa da laurels na soja daukaka, idan kawai saboda matsayin al'umma Jamus wanzu, da tarihi matsayin, sosai dogon, da kuma exploits daga cikin shugabannin mutum lardunan ma ya faru infrequently. A ƙarshen XIX karni, wasu ci gaba ya kasance (game da su daga baya), amma magana game da wasu m Aryan kungiyoyin masu fafutuka iya zama a karkashin ra'ayi samu daga Wagner ta operas Nibelungs game da Valkyries.
Kamar yadda na karni na ashirin, sa'an nan a, da Jamus fice. Sun fara cikakken biyu a duniya yaƙe-yaƙe, da kuma duka sha kaye. Akwai da dama bayani. Magoya bayan technocratic da formalistic view of tarihin ce cewa dalilin ne bad luck na Jamus gaira na abu da kuma mutum albarkatun. Fans of occult nufi zuwa unfavorable matsayi na taurari a sararin sama. Akwai ma theories game da duniya hadin kai da kaifin baki, da karfi amma m Jamusawa. Realists ma ganin dalilin auka daga cikin "Jamus yaki inji" a duka duniya yaƙe-yaƙe ne cewa jima ko daga baya, da tsokana da aka ci.
Duk da haka, la'akari da yunkurin haifar da wani m shirin da aka ci kasashe makwabta ne da ban sha'awa sosai. Su ne da ɗan kama da ayyukan Aljannar motsi, ko da search for da Falsafa ta dutse. Yanzu a sarari yake cewa waɗannan ba warware matsalar, amma arouses son sani, kuma ko da wasu har da girmamawa da resourcefulness da mutum ke tunani a lokacin da tunani da tsari. Saboda haka, abin da muka sani game da Schlieffen Shirin?
Dalilan da bege da kuma fata
Daga sauki son sani theorists ba aiki dabarun. Yana ba da damar da aka ɓullo da Schlieffen Shirin. Wannan aikin na soja-msar tambayar kimiyya da aka yi iƙirarin shugabancin biyu dauloli.
M yanayi na Jamus soja a cikin marigayi XIX karni ne saboda dalilai biyu. Da fari dai, Austro-Hungary da babu mazauna, wanda shi ne sosai frustrating ga hukuncin Elite na daular. Kasashen waje dũkiyarku kasance a Faransa, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Denmark da kuma ko da kananan, ga alama m Belgium, ba a ma maganar "farka daga cikin tekuna," da UK (wanda a wancan lokaci ya kasance mafi girma a kasar a cikin duniya, fiye da da Rasha Empire ). Sense of rashi, ta kuma yi kira wani lokacin hassada, azaba Wilhelm II na Hohenzollern. Amma dai ba duka, kuma shi ne na biyu shã'aninku. A lissafi na Jamus Army da biyu mun gwada kwanan nan nasara, wanda yanaye za a iya kira m. A 1866, da kyankyasai karkashin shugabanci na von Moltke da Dattijon (Mai girma Moltke) ya ci Austro-Hungarian Empire. Victoria da aka lashe da kuma a kan France (1870-1871). Sa'an nan har da sarki Napoleon III da aka dauka fursuna (sedan), kuma tare da shi, 549 bindigogi da kuma 104.000 sojoji. Wannan wahayi m fata da kuma bege na nan gaba nasarori. Idan da zarar ya juya waje, da cewa zai iya tsoma baki tare da nasara da kuma ci gaba da kara? Shin cewa rashin mai kyau soja shirin. Hakika, da sosai bukatar hažaka da sojojin da kuma kayan aikin soji, amma mafi muhimmanci - a ka'idar. A farko shafi jerin gwanon a nan, na biyu - a can da dai sauransu ...
rikitaccen
Duk da haka, wasu yanayi ba wahayi zuwa gare fata. Yana da aka kõma sama da su asusun na Schlieffen Shirin. Wannan shi ne, da farko, kuma farkon, da bukatar yaki da on biyu fronts. Kuma von Bismarck da Marshal von Moltke yi imani da cewa a cikin wannan harka da rushewar ne makawa. Batun shi ne cewa tuni a cikin lokaci da aka bayyana nasarar da yaki ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan hanya tushe. A karkashin wannan ra'ayi na nufin janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a m, ciki har da mutum, masana'antu da kuma albarkatun kasa. Amma a wannan batun, kuma Austria-Hungary, ko da Jamusanci Reich musamman yawa ba fariya. A gaskiya, saboda kamawa da albarkatun, da kuma was da Schlieffen Shirin. Wannan na nufi cewa, yaki da ka bukatar sauri da kuma victoriously.
Rasha Empire da Faransa: Babban m maƙiyi kasashen biyu suna da aka ambata. Daya - a kasashen yamma, da sauran - a gẽfen gabas. A wannan yanayin, da kan iyaka da Faransa gefe ne da lazimta wa dukan tsawon.
Teutonic zamba
Schlieffen Shirin kira ga hali na yaki a kan biyu fronts, duk da m shawarwari na Bismarck. A ajiyar ne guda: irin wannan halin da ake ciki ya zama short-rayu. Magana mafi musamman, a sakamakon ƙwazo mataki na Triple Alliance ne daya daga cikin manyan abokan adawar da za a ci a cikin wani gajeren lokaci, sa'an nan canzawa kamata ta kowane hali zuwa na biyu, wanda zai iya zama ba a cikin sauri, ko da yake, kuma kada ka tsaya. A farko manufa halaka Schlieffen shiri da ta kira Faransa. Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, shi ƙarfafa iyakar da aka quite m, kuma frontal hari zai yi aiki ba daga. Duk da haka, ya kasa samun sa'a a kasashen yamma, Austria-Hungary da kuma Jamus ne aka tabbatar da fada cikin tarkon da yawan fada, wanda ba za a iya yarda, saboda wannan shi ne hanyar da kayar. Yana da jũna ba bayani. Mafi muhimmanci, abin da ya Schlieffen Shirin, - warware wani hadadden matsala mafi sauki hanya. Yana kuma amfani da Hitler a 1939.
Speed, hari da kuma yaudara
Belgium da aka a tsaka tsaki kasar, ta tsaro a tabbace ta Birtaniya, Rasha, Faransa, Austria-Hungary da kuma, ba zato ba tsammani, mafi Prussia (yanzu Jamus). A wannan gaskiya ne daga Luxembourg. Kai sojojin ta biyu tsaka tsaki kasashen kira ga Schlieffen Shirin. Yana mayaudari take hakkin na kasa da kasa yarjejeniya a 1839 bai damu marubucin da ra'ayin. Ya san cewa nan da nan bayan fadawar Belgium a cikin yaki zai babu makawa shigar da Birtaniya, amma babban gungumen azaba a kan nan da nan. A tasiri dole ne sauri da kuma zuwa ga zuciya - a cikin wannan harka a Paris. Bayan wannan, da saukowa daga Birtaniya sojojin zama matsala, Faransa sojojin clamped workaround da kuma dauka ga muhalli, da kuma har Rasha bayyana, don haka idan dai kama up ... A little more, da kuma dukan ikon da Austro-Hungarian Empire, hit su kuma za su ba tsayawar. Wannan shi ne jigon da Schlieffen Shirin: sauri, domin 40-50 kwanaki za a kammala tare da Faransa, Birtaniya da tura daga Coast da kuma juya zuwa gare Rasha. All ta kama ba lallai ba ne - shi ne ma dogon da tsada, da kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa wani abu (da shi da aka yi tunani) - amma wasu daga cikin kasashen yammacin yankin, musamman Poland da kuma Baltic jihohi, shi kuma iya dauke.
Wanda ya yi yãƙi
Schlieffen Shirin kira ga jangwalo m yaki da kasashen uku, wucewa da albarkatun da kuma soja ikon da Triple Alliance. Birtaniya ya gudanar da mafi yawan iko a duniya na Navy, na Jamus ya kasa samar da. A cikin Rasha Empire ya da sojoji da yawa, wanda ya sake fara, tare da m abinci tushe (rabon abinci katunan da aka ba a gabatar ko a lokacin da shi kawota yawan na sauran dauloli) da kuma tsaron tattalin arziki, iya samar da kusan duk wani nau'in makami. Faransa kuma ana shirya don yaki. Schlieffen Shirin kira ga m crushing na rashin ƙarfin mahaɗin a cikin ƙasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki. Marine abun cece kuce da Birtaniya da aka gani a matsayin guda episode na yaki, ba da muhimmanci, da kuma Rasha, sojoji, a cewar shi, yana da kawai ya ci gaba a kan layi Galicia - kudancin Poland.
Pierian spring
Janar Alfred von Schlieffen, wanda ya jagoranci Jamus Janar Staff, aka ba kawai dabarun, amma kuma wani soja tarihi. Ya fi so episode daga cikin matasa ya yi imani da Cannes yaƙi (216 BC), a lokacin da Hannibal ci Roman sojojin, rufe su m rawar daji a kan sãsanninsu a cikin biyu zobe. A da ginshikin, da Schlieffen shirin a takaice ya mayar da wannan dabarar, samar da asymmetrical motsi Runduna daga yankan kashe mafi yawan sojojin Faransa daga kafofin na wadata, su kawancen da strangulation.
Bugu da kari, kamar yadda misalai suka ɗauka wasu ayyukan gudanar da Bonaparte a farkon XIX karni. Wadannan dabaru ne quite dace a lokacin mataki a cikin Turai wasan kwaikwayo da yadda ake gudanar, halin da gwada da kananan nisa da wani m cibiyar sadarwa na Railways cikin sharuddan mallakar dabarun shirin. Daga qarshe, da Schlieffen Shirin da aka soma zuwa mataki umurnin hada sojojin na Austria-Hungary, Italiya da Jamus, albeit tare da wasu gyare-gyare. Gaskiyar cewa marubucin ya auku a cikin disfavor. Ya aka cire daga post, da kuma maimakon kai da Big Janar Staff nada Kanar-Janar Moltke. Ya iya taka rawar da ya shahara da sunan.
Gudunmawar Janar Moltke
Shi ba a san yadda nasarar samo asali zuwa wani dabarun aiki a yanayin saukan idan Schlieffen shirin zauna canzawa. Kamar yadda mai ban mamaki tsara, babban karfi a cikin adadin bakwai sojojin garzaya zuwa Paris, yayin da Rasha da aka nuna daya kawai. A daidai wannan lokaci da umurnin yana sane da asarar damar (lokaci) na Alsace, Lorraine kuma Eastern Prussia. Wannan "gambit" Ka sami lokaci da ake bukata don kammala da shan kashi na Faransa. Duk da haka Moltke dauke kiba sau bakwai West gaban wuce kima da kuma rage yawan sojojin kanta zuwa uku. Bugu da kari, ya jaddada m shugabanci (sake, saboda da dakarun saiti a Paris). Schlieffen Shirin da aka soma da irin canje-canje da cewa ainihin shirin da aka kusan kome ba bar. The fata ne cewa ta hanyar dogo iya zama gudanar don canja wurin da Rasha gaban babbar talakawa da sojojin, shi ne kuma ba daidai bane. Qarshe, akwai abin da ya haka ji tsoron Schlieffen. Blitzkrieg kasa, da Austrians ake bogged saukar a tare mahara yaƙi. Yana iya kawai ƙare a shan kashi.
Yana da aka santsi a kan takarda ...
A ãdalci shi ya kamata a tuna cewa babu soja shirin a tarihi kowa ya ba gudanar da cikakken yi. A dalilai sun ko da yaushe sami uzuri, ma, kuma sun kasance, manufarsu a su rinjaye. Sa'an nan kuma kwatsam sanyi hit, a akasin haka, laƙa da datti. A fata cewa Rasha sojojin zai zama mai rauni abokin gaba, m kuma wawa, aka ba daidai ba. Duk da cewa tamanin dubbai ra'ayoyi karfafa tsaron gida matsayi Austrians hari da suka sami ikon tsaya, shi ci gaba da sauri, kuma ya sa damuwa da cewa Berlin zai fada jima fiye iya kayar da Faransa. 1st Rasha sojojin a cikin Jamus birnin Gumbinnen karya da Jamus sojojin VIІІ. Da gazawar da Schlieffen Shirin aka mafi zama bayyananne.
Karin von Schlieffen wahala
Wallafa tattaunawa fentin ƙaddarãwar kowane soja, da motsi da Chronology na ayyuka. Schlieffen Shirin a yakin duniya na - shi ne watakila mafi daukan hankali misali na cikakken binciken da duk yiwu cikakken bayani, kwatankwacinku wanda a lokacin ya kasance ba. Aiki a kan shi ya 'yan shekaru, da kuma count da aka bai da tsantseni da gaskiya ascetic ko wani maniac. Wani lokaci sai ya yi kamar mahaukaci, a wani wuri mai faɗi da kyau saitin domin gani kawai a na dabara rawar daji da saninsu da wani kogi ko tafki kamar yadda ruwa hadura, wanda suka haye. Schlieffen bai rayu har zuwa yaki, amma tunanin ta kullum. Kamar yadda labaru na mutane kusa da shi, ya aka mutuwa a 1912, ya roƙe ba raunana sojoji a dama flank. A fili zo domin maye gurbin shi Moltke bai fahimci abin da ya Schlieffen Shirin, kazalika har zuwa abin da zai iya zama m, wani canje-canje yi da shi. Duk da haka, babu wani tabbaci cewa daftarin aiki da aka shirya daidai. Yana yiwuwa an yi wani kuskure, da kuma tsarin.
A cikin hatsarori da kawayeniya
Schlieffen wani mutum daga cikin soja a harkokin siyasa san kadan. A matsayin gaskiya technocrat, ya farincikin kusantar up daban-daban ayyuka, tare da kadan damuwa game da "illa" sakamakon. Belgium kama da dabarun larura, ya zama wata alama ce da mutunci da Triple Alliance, kuma a gaskiya ya lokaci na kawancen na Austria-Hungary da kuma Jamus. Hada hannu da UK cikin yaki kuma mai tsanani gurgunta tattalin arziki da tushe na kayayyaki sun dogara da kasashen na wadata, da kuma Royal Navy yi dukan abin da hana arziki na Maritime sadarwa. Manyan da m tasiri cewa yana kan sani na Jamus yan siyasa Schlieffen Shirin.
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