Ta yaya domin sanin polarity nasabar? Forward da baya polarity

Mun gano a yau yadda za a ƙayyade da polarity na dangane da dalilin da ya sa shi ne ake bukata. Bayyanãwa jiki ma'anar yawa.

Chemistry da Physics

Da zarar duk da tarbiyya kishin nazarin duniya, sõyayya da wanda definition. Kuma ilmin Taurari da kuma alchemists, da kuma masana kimiyyar sun masana falsafa. Amma yanzu akwai wani m rabo daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kimiyya da manyan jami'o'i san daidai abin da kana bukatar ka sani to lissafi, da kuma cewa - ilimin harsuna. Duk da haka, a game da sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi ne babu sarari iyaka. Sau da yawa da suka yi yardatayya shiga juna, da kuma wani lokacin suna layi daya darussa. A musamman, wani abu ne mai kawo rigima polarity connection. Ta yaya za mu iya sanin wannan yanki na ilimi a cikin kimiyyar lissafi ko sunadarai? A m filaye - na biyu Science: Yanzu dalibai koyi da wannan ra'ayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sunadarai, amma ba za su iya yi ba tare da sanin kimiyyar lissafi.

tsarin da zarra

Domin fahimtar yadda za a ƙayyade da polarity na connection, ka farko bukatar tuna yadda da zarra. A karshen karni na sha tara da aka sani cewa kowane zarra ne tsaka tsaki a matsayin dukan, amma ya ƙunshi daban-daban yanayi, daban-daban zargin. Rezerfod gano cewa, a tsakiyar kowane zarra ne m, lallai cajin tsakiya. Jami'in na atomic tsakiya ne ko da yaushe wani lamba, cewa shi ne, shi ne +1, +2, da sauransu. Around da zuciyar ne a daidai adadin haske na barnatar da cajin electrons, da yawan wanda tsananin yayi dace da lura da tsakiya. Wannan shi ne, idan nukiliya cajin +32, sa'an nan a kusa da shi ya kamata a located talatin da biyu electrons. Sun riga sun mamaye wasu wurare a kusa da tsakiya. Kowane electron kamar yadda idan "yada" a kusa da tsakiya a orbitals. Its siffar, wuri, da kuma nesa ga tsakiya suna ƙaddara da hudu jimla lambobi.

Me polarity auku

A tsaka tsaki zarra located daga sauran barbashi (msl, a zurfi sarari, shi ne Galaxy), duk tsakaitã zumunta orbital cibiyar. Duk da mun gwada hadaddun siffar wasu daga cikinsu, wani biyu orbitals na electrons ba rarraba a wata guda zarra. Amma idan mu dabam dauka zarra a vacuo gamu da a kan hanyarsu wani (msl, shiga cikin girgijen gas) sa'an nan shi yana so ya sadarwa tare da shi valence orbitals na cikin matsanancin electrons a cikin shugabanci na Pull a makwabciyar zarra, ci tare da shi. Akwai zai zama wani janar electron girgije, wani sabon sinadaran fili, da kuma, sabili da haka, bond polarity. Ta yaya za a tantance abin zarra zai iya samun wani babban bangare na jimlar electron girgije, da muka bayyana a kasa.

Mene ne sinadaran shaidu

Dangane da irin hulda kwayoyin, bambanci a cikin zargin da su nuclei da kuma sojojin tasowa janye, akwai da wadannan tattare da sunadarai shaidu:

• daya electron.
• ƙarfe.
• covalent.
• ion.
• van der Waals.
• hydrogen.
• biyu-electron trohtsentrovaya.

Domin tambaya game da yadda za a ƙayyade dangane polarity na fili, shi dole ya zama covalent ko ionic (kamar, misali, salts da NaCl). A general, wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na sadarwa bambanta kawai ta yadda da yawa da electron girgije motsa a cikin shugabanci na daya daga cikin sunadaran. Idan wani covalent bond ba kafa ta biyu m kwayoyin halitta (msl, yã _2), shi ne ko da yaushe dan kadan polarized. A ionic bond biya diyya karfi. An yi imani da cewa ionic bond take kaiwa ga samuwar na ions, kamar yadda daya daga cikin kwayoyin halitta "Picks sama" electrons a cikin sauran.

Amma a gaskiya, gaba daya iyakacin duniya mahadi ba su wanzu: daya kawai ion ƙwarai janyo hankalin jimlar electron girgije. Saboda haka da yawa don haka da cewa sauran balance na wani yanki za a iya watsi da. Saboda haka, da fatan, shi ya bayyana cewa domin sanin polarity na covalent bond iya zama, da kuma polarity na ionic bond bai sa hankali domin ayyana. Ko da yake a wannan yanayin da bambanci tsakanin wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na sadarwa - shi ne m na model maimakon da gaskiya jiki sabon abu.

Tabbatar da dalilin da polarity

Da fatan, mai karatu ya fahimci cewa polarity da sunadarai shaidu - mai sabawa da rarraba a sarari daga cikin jimlar electron girgijen ma'auni. Kuma da ma'auni rarraba ta wanzu a cikin ruwan dare zarra.

polarity ji hanyoyin

Ta yaya domin sanin polarity nasabar? Wannan tambaya ne da nisa daga unambiguous. Don fara, dole ne in ce cewa tun da fasali na electron girgijen polarized zarra ne daban-daban daga na tsaka tsaki, da kuma X-ray bakan canji. Saboda haka, da korar da Lines a bakan za ka ba da shawara na abin da polarity na connection. Kuma idan kana so ka fahimci yadda za a ƙayyade da polarity na sadarwa a cikin kwayoyin more daidai, shi wajibi ne don ba su sani ba kawai da bakan watsi ko sha. Ina so in gano:

• girma da hannu saboda kwayoyin halitta.
• zarginta da su nuclei.
• wanda sadarwa da aka kafa a zarra kafin fitowan da wannan;
• duk da abin da tsarin.
• Idan crystal tsarin, wanda lahani zama a cikinta, da kuma yadda suka shafi dukan abu.

A polarity na connection ake cewa da babba alamar wadannan: 0,17+ ko 0.3. Ya kamata kuma a tuna cewa wannan irin sunadaran zai yi dangane ne sabanin polarity a tare da daban-daban abubuwa. Alal misali, a cikin oxide BeO oxygen a 0,35 polarity, kuma MgO - 0,42-.

A polarity na zarra

Mai karatu na iya tambaya wannan tambaya: "Ta yaya domin sanin polarity da sinadaran bond, idan dalilai sun yi yawa haka?" Amsar ne duka sauki da kuma hadaddun. Gwada yawa matakan da polarity ana ayyana a matsayin tasiri zargin kwayoyin halitta. Wannan darajar ne bambanci tsakanin lura da electron, kuma daidai core yankin dake a wani takamaiman wuri. A general, wannan awo ne mai kyau isa ya nuna wasu asymmetric electron girgije da ya auku a lokacin da samuwar da sinadaran bond. A wahala ta'allaka ne da cewa a tantance abin da yankin da aka gano wannan batun nasa ne da electron (musamman a hadaddun kwayoyin) ne kusan ba zai yiwu. Saboda haka, kamar yadda a cikin hali na rabuwa da sinadaran shaidu a cikin ionic da covalent, masana kimiyya koma ga simplifications da kuma model. A lokaci guda ya ƙaryata abubuwan da dabi'u da shafi sakamakon muhimmanci.

A zahiri gabar dangane polarity

Mene ne ma'anar jiki na dabi'u na polarity? La'akari da daya misali. H hydrogen zarra ne kunshe a matsayin a hydrofluoric acid (HF), da kuma gishiri (HCI). Its polarity aka 0,40+ HF a HCI - 0,18+. Wannan yana nufin cewa jimlar electron girgije ne yafi deflected zuwa ga sunadarin flourine fiye da chlorine gefe. Kuma wannan yana nufin cewa electronegativity na sunadarin flourine zarra ne mafi tsananin qarfi electronegativity na chlorine zarra.

Polarity kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin

Amma da m karatu zai tuna cewa, ban da sauki mahadi a wadda biyu kwayoyin halitta ne ba, akwai karin hadaddun. Alal misali, ta samar da daya kwayoyin na sulfuric acid (H ₂ SO ₄₎ bukatar biyu hydrogen atoms, daya - sulfur, da kuma da yawa kamar yadda hudu oxygen. Sa'an nan wani ya tambaya: yadda za a tantance mafi girma dangane polarity a cikin kwayoyin? Don fara, dole ne mu tuna cewa wani dangane yana da wani tsari. Wato, da sulfuric acid - ba da sharrin tara up dukkanin sunadaran a daya babban heap, da kuma wani tsarin. Don tsakiya sulfur zarra shiga ta hudu oxygen kwayoyin halitta, forming wani irin giciye. Daga biyu daura da oxygen kwayoyin halitta a haɗe zuwa sulfur biyu shaidu. A cikin biyu sauran bangarorin da oxygen kwayoyin halitta a haɗe zuwa sulfur guda shaidu da kuma "riƙe" a daya bangaren game da hydrogen. Saboda haka, a wani kwayoyin na sulfuric acid, da wadannan sadarwar:

• OH.
• SO.
• S = O.

Bayan da aka ayyana a karkashin shugabanci polarity na kowane daga cikin wadannan links, za ka iya samun mafi girma. Duk da haka, yana da daraja tuna cewa idan a karshen dogon sarkar sunadaran kamata karfi electronegative kashi, shi zai iya "ja" da electron girgije na makwabta shaidu, da kara su polarity. A mafi hadaddun fiye da sarkar, tsarin ne quite yiwu a yi wasu effects.

A polarity da kwayoyin ne daban-daban daga cikin polarity nasabar?

Ta yaya domin sanin dangane polarity, muna gaya wa. Mene ne ma'anar jiki na ra'ayi, mun gano. Amma wadannan kalmomi da ake samu a sauran phrases da suke dacewa da wannan sashe na sunadarai. Lalle ne, masu karatu sha'awar yadda za a yi mu'amala tare da sinadaran shaidu da kwayoyin polarity. Amsa: wadannan Concepts suna da tarayyar karin kuma ba zai yiwu dabam. Wannan za a nuna ta da wani classic misali na ruwa.

A cikin kwayoyin na H ₂ Ya biyu m dangane HO. Tsakanin su wani kwana na 104,45 digiri. Saboda haka tsarin da ruwa kwayoyin ne da wani abu kamar wani biyu-pronged cokali mai yatsu tare da hydrogen a iyakar. Oxygen - shi ne mafi electronegative zarra, ya na jan da electron girgije na biyu hydrogens. Saboda haka, a lokacin da sauran electroneutrality cokali mai yatsu hakora samu dan kadan ya fi kyau, kuma tushe - dan kadan korau. Simplifying sakamakon a cewa ruwa kwayoyin yana da sandunan. Wannan shi ake kira a iyakacin duniya kwayoyin. Saboda haka, ruwa - mai kyau da sauran ƙarfi, bambanci a kan tuhumar da damar kwayoyin to dan kadan jinkirta da electron girgije na sauran abubuwa severing lu'ulu'u a kan DNA, da kuma kwayoyin - a kan kwayoyin halitta.

Don gane dalilin da yasa kwayoyin da in babu wani cajin polarity wanzu, shi wajibi ne mu tuna cewa yana da muhimmanci ba kawai ga sinadaran dabara na abu amma kuma da tsarin da kwayoyin, iri da iri links cewa bayyana a shi, bambanci a electronegativity na ta bijiro da batun kafa kwayoyin halitta.

Jawo ko tilasta polarity

Bugu da kari a kansa polarity, kuma akwai jawo ko haifar da waje dalilai. Idan kwayoyin da aka yi waje electromagnetic filin, wanda aka muhimmanci data kasance a cikin kwayoyin sojojin, shi ne iya canja sanyi na electron girgije. Wannan shi ne, idan oxygen kwayoyin jan da hydrogen girgije a H ₂ Ya, da kuma na waje filin ne codirectional tare da wannan mataki, da rabuwa ƙaruwa. Idan filin kamar yadda ya hana oxygen, da bond polarity ne dan kadan rage. Ya kamata a lura da cewa bukatar yin wani babban isa karfi to ko ta yaya zai shafi polarity da kwayoyin, har ma fiye da - tasiri cikin polarity da sinadaran bond. Wannan sakamako shi ne cimma kawai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma cosmic tafiyar matakai. Al'ada obin na lantarki kawai qara amplitude na atomic vibrations na ruwa da kuma kitse. Amma wannan ba ya shafar dangane polarity.

Wanda idan shi ya sa hankali da shugabanci na polarity

A dangane da lokaci, wanda yana dauke da mu, ba a ma maganar cewa irin wannan kai tsaye , kuma baya polarity. Idan ya zo ga kwayoyin, da polarity ne alamar "da" ko "debe". Wannan yana nufin cewa zarra ko ba up ta electron girgije, kuma haka ya zama kadan mafi kyau, ko mataimakin versa, da girgije jan a kan kuma yakan mallaki wani mummunan cajin. A polarity shugabanci sa hankali kawai a lokacin da cajin motsa, cewa shi ne, a lokacin da shugaba ne halin yanzu. Kamar yadda aka sanannu, electrons matsawa daga tushen (barnatar da cajin) zuwa wuri na janye (lallai cajin). Za a tuna da cewa akwai wani ka'idar cewa electrons suna zahiri motsi a gaban shugabanci daga m ga mummunan Madogararsa. Amma a general ba kome, muhimmanci ne kawai a gaskiya na ƙungiyoyi. Saboda haka, a wasu matakai, kamar waldi daga karfe sassa, shi ne muhimmanci inda shi ne a haɗe zuwa wani iyakacin duniya. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci a san yadda za a haɗa da polarity ko dai kai tsaye ko a gaban shugabanci. A wasu na'urori, ko da iyalinsa, kuma da muhimmanci.