Tawaye decembrists (takaice). Tarihi na Rasha. Sakamako na Decembrists tawaye

Za ka iya gaya mana game da haddin shari'a na Decembrists a takaice? Juyin mulki da aka kewaye da haka mutane da yawa abubuwan da suka faru da kuma halin da haka mutane da yawa nuances cewa ta nutsu dukan littattafai. Ya na farko shirya zanga-zangar serfdom a Rasha, ya sa wata babbar dama a cikin al'umma kuma yana da gagarumin tasiri a kan siyasa da zamantakewa da rayuwa na zamanin da bi da mulkin sarkin Nicholas I. Kuma duk da haka, wannan labarin za su yi kokarin tsarkake tawaye Decembrists taƙaice.

janar bayanai

Disamba 14, 1825, a babban birnin na Rasha Empire - St. Petersburg - akwai wani yunkurin juyin mulki. A tawaye shirya wani rukuni na kamar shiryayye manya, wanda mafi yawansu sun shugabannin Guards. Manufar 'yan maƙarƙashiya ya na kauda tashe serfdom da yarjejeniyoyin da autocracy. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin manufofin tawaye ya muhimmanci daban-daban daga dukan sauran ganawarsu zamanin fada juyin mulki ne.

ceto Union

A War of 1812 da a kan dukkan fannoni na rayuwar mutane da wani gagarumin tasiri. Akwai fatan for yiwu canje-canje, yafi - da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom. Amma ya kawar da serfdom, ya wajaba a iyakance tsarin mulki monarchical iko. Tarihi na Rasha da wannan lokaci da aka alama ta halittar wani taro a kan wani akida akai al'ummomi Guard jami'an, da ake kira hadin Daga biyu na wadannan hadin aka kafa a farkon 1816 Union of Ceto. Its mahalicci ya Muravev Aleksandr, da jama'a mambobi sun Muravev Nikita, Trubetskoy Sergey, Iakushkin Ivan, daga baya ya koma zuwa Pestel Pavel. A manufofin da kungiyar tarayyar sun 'yantar da manoma da kuma yin gyare-gyare na jihar gwamnati. Pestel a 1817 rubuta kundin tsarin kungiyar, yawancin mahalarta sun kasance a Masonic lodges, saboda tasirin da Freemasons shafi ibada a rayuwar yau da kullum na kungiyar tarayyar. Sabani tsakanin mambobi ne na al'umma a kan yiwuwar kisan kai da sarki a lokacin juyin mulkin da suka dalilin cewa a cikin kaka na 1817 da kungiyar tarayyar an narkar.

jindadin Union

A farkon 1818 Union of Welfare da aka shirya a Moscow - wani sabon sirrin jama'a. Yana kunshi ɗari biyu mutane, da abin ya shafa game da ra'ayin samar da wata m ra'ayin jama'a, don ƙirƙirar wani m motsi. Don yin wannan, shi ya shirya ya shirya doka sadaka, da wallafe-wallafen, da makarantu. Yana da aka kafa fiye da dozin m majalisarku fadin kasar, ciki har da a St. Petersburg, Kishinev, Tulchin, Smolensk da kuma sauran birane. Kafa a matsayin "gefe" majalisa, misali, hukumar Nikity Vsevolzhskogo, "Green haske". Tarayyar mambobin da aka tsunduma cikin harkokin rayuwar jama'a, kokarin zauna babban matsayin da a cikin sojojin da kuma hukumomin gwamnati. A abun da ke ciki na jama'a a kai a kai canza: na farko mahalarta fara iyali da koma baya daga harkokin siyasa, suka maye gurbinsu da sababbi. A Janairu 1821, kwana uku a cikin Moscow bakuncin Congress na Union of inganci saboda sabani magoya bayan matsakaici da kuma m igiyoyin. Congress ayyukan jagorancin Mikhail Fonvizin Nikolai Turgenev. An gano cewa scammers tambaya game da wanzuwar Union gwamnatin, kuma aka yanke shawarar zuwa ƙa'ida ta soke shi. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a rabu da jama'ar da suka zo zuwa ga al'umma da hatsari.

reorganization

The rushe kungiyar Welfare wani mataki a cikin reorganization. Akwai sabon al'umma: da Arewa (a St. Petersburg) da Kudu (a Ukraine). A muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Arewacin Society taka leda Trubetskoy Sergey, Muravev Nikita, daga baya - Ryleev Kondraty, sanannen mawãƙi, yaki da 'yan Republican suka taru, a kusa da shi. Shugaban kungiyar ya Pestel, Pavel, ya dauki wani aiki sashi jami'an tsare Naryshkin Mihail, Gorstkin Ivan, sojan ruwa shugabanni da Chizhov Nikolay Bodisko 'yan'uwa, Mikhail kuma Boris. A Kudancin Society halarci Krjukovoj 'yan'uwa (Nicholas kuma Alexandra), da' yan'uwansa Bobrischevy-Pushkin Pavel da Nikolay Cherkasov Alexey, Avramov Ivan, Liharev Vladimir Kireev Ivan.

Fage events na Disamba 1825

Wannan shekara ne yunkuri na Decembrists. A maƙarƙashiya yanke shawarar daukar wani wuya doka halin da ake ciki da cewa ya ci gaba a kusa da dama a kan karaga bayan mutuwar Alexander I. Akwai wani tallace daftarin aiki, bisa ga abin da Constantine Pavlovich, dan'uwan da bai bar 'ya'ya Alexander I, na gaba a yawan shekaru bãya gare shi, ya ki kursiyin. Saboda haka, gaba ɗan'uwansa, Nikolai Pavlovich, ko da yake ya kasance daga waɗanda aka soja-komai haqqinsa Elite, sosai da mutane suke so, yana da amfani. A daidai wannan lokaci, ko da a gaban m daftarin aiki da aka bude, Nicholas hanzari da watsi a cikin ni'imar Constantine daga dama zuwa kursiyin karkashin mãsu alãma daga M. Miloradovich gwamnan-janar na St. Petersburg.

The canji na ikon

27 ga watan Nuwamba, 1825 Tarihi na Rasha ya fara wani sabon zagaye na - ƙa'ida wani sabon sarki, Constantine. Tare da ta kama ko da 'yan tsabar kudi minted. Duk da haka, Constantine hukumance kursiyin kokarin, amma ba ki da shi. Ya Halicci sosai siga da kuma shubuha matsayin interregnum. A sakamakon haka, ya yanke shawarar bayyana kansa Sarkin sarakuna Nicholas. Ya aka nada rantsuwa a kan Disamba 14. A karshe ya zo da canji na gwamnati - a lokacin da aka jiran membobin sirrin jama'a. An yanke shawarar fara tawaye na Decembrists.

Disamba 14 tawaye ne sakamakon cewa a sakamakon wani dogon dare na taron a daren 13 zuwa 14, da majalisar dattijai, duk da haka yarda da doka dama ga kursiyin Nicholas. Decembrists yanke shawarar hana majalisar dattijai da kuma dakarun kawo sabon Sarkin rantsuwar. Dakata ya gagara, da fiye da haka, saboda ministan aka kwance a kan tebur domin wata babbar lamba na denunciations da aka kama zai fara nan da nan.

A tarihin Decembrists tawaye

A maƙarƙashiya ya shirya ya zauna da Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja da kuma Winter Palace, kama daga gidan sararta, kuma, idan akwai wani yanayi, don ka kashe. Don kai da tawaye, an zabe Sergei Troubetzkoy. Bugu da ari, Decembrists zai bukaci majalisar dattijai da aka buga a kasa manifesto shelar halakar da haihuwa mulki da kuma kafa wata gwamnatin wuccin gadi. Members na sabon sauyi gwamnati ya kamata ya yi Mordvinova Admiral da Count Speransky. A wakilai xaura aiki ya amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar - wani sabon doka ta asali. A hali idan da Majalisar Dattijan ki bushãra da wata kasa manifesto dauke da abubuwa a kan yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, da daidaitakar dukan gaban doka, mulkin demokra] iyya da yanci, da gabatarwar wajibi ne a kan dukkan azuzuwan na soja, da gabatarwar fitina da juri, da zaben na jami'an, yarjejeniyoyin da zabe haraji , da dai sauransu, an yanke shawarar yin shi yi shi da karfi.

Sa'an nan kuma ya shirya ya kira rare Cathedral, wanda zai magance matsalar da zabar hanyar gwamnati: Jamhuriyar ko wani kundin tsarin mulkin daular mulkinsu. Idan wani Republican form, da sarauta iyali da za a aiko daga kasar da aka zaba. Ryleev farko miƙa aika Nicholas Fort Ross, amma sai suka Pestel yi cikinsa da kisan Nicholas kuma, watakila, Tsesarevicha Aleksandra.

Disamba 14 - tawaye na Decembrists

A takaice bayyana abin da ya faru a ranar da yunkurin juyin mulki. Tun da sassafe Ryleev Kakhovsky jawabi bukatar shiga cikin Winter Palace da kuma kashe Nicholas. Ya farko amince amma sai ya ki. By goma sha da safe a majalisar dattijai Square aka janye Moscow Guards, Grenadiers, matuƙan Guards marine ƙungiya. Total - game da uku da mutane dubu. Duk da haka, 'yan kwanaki kafin wannan yunkuri na Decembrists a 1825, Nicholas na nufi membobin m al'ummomin yi gargadin decembrist Rostovtsev, la'akari tawaye da rashin cancanta da nobility na girmamawa, da kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin Dibich. Riga at bakwai sanatocin kawo Nicholas rantsuwa da kuma shelar da shi sarki. Troubetzkoy, nada shugaban na tawaye, ba su bayyana ba a cikin square. Shelves a majalisar dattijai ya ci gaba da tsayawa da kuma jira, a lokacin da 'yan maƙarƙashiya zo a yarjejeniya a kan nada sabon shugaban.

Highlights events

A wannan rana, tarihin da aka sanya a Rasha. Count Miloradovich, ya bayyana a gaban sojoji a kan doki, ya fara cewa idan Constantine ya ki ya zama wani sarki, yana da kõme ba a yi ba. An saki daga cikin sahu na tayar da kayar baya bukaci Obolensky Miloradovich fitar kashe, sa'an nan kuma, ganin cewa shi ba ya amsa ɗauka da sauƙi rauni a gefen ya bayoneti. Kakhovsky wannan lokaci harbe a cikin count da bindiga. Duke Mikhail Pavlovich da Kanar Styurler kokarin kawo ga biyayya da sojoji, amma duk yunkurin kasance m. Duk da haka, 'yan tawayen sau biyu kaucewa hari na doki, wanda ya jagoranci Alexei Orlov.

A yankin tattara dubban mazauna St. Petersburg, sun yarda da ikon 'yan tawaye da kuma jefa a Nicholas da retinue duwatsu da kuma rajistan ayyukan. A sakamakon haka, mun kafa biyu "zobba" mutane. Daya an kewaye da 'yan tawayen, da kuma aka hada da wadanda suka zo kafin, da kuma sauran kafa na waɗanda suka zo daga baya, gendarmes a yankin su daina yarda, don haka mutane suna tsaye a baya da Decembrists kewaye da dakarun gwamnati. Wannan yanayi haifa da hadari da kuma Nicholas, wanda shakka a cikin nasara, ya yanke shawarar shirya mambobi ne na sarauta iyali crews idan kana bukatar tserewa Tsarskoye Selo.

unequal ikon

A sabon-sanya Sarkin sarakuna ya gane cewa sakamakon Decembrists tawaye bazai a cikin ni'imar, don haka sai na tambaye Eugene metropolitans da Serafim roko ga sojoji da bukatar janye. An ba a kawo sakamakon, kuma damuwa tsananta Nicholas. Duk da haka, ya gudanar ya dauki himma, yayin da 'yan tawayen ya zaɓi wani sabon shugaba (ya aka nada Prince Obolensky). Sojojin gwamnatin a yawan fiye da hudu sau m ga rundunar sojojin Decembrists: dubu tara bayonets na dakaru aka tattara, uku sojan doki dubu sabers, daga baya ake kira da Gunners (talatin da shida bindigogi), total - game da dubu goma sha biyu mutane. Maharan, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, akwai mutum dubu uku.

Da shan kashi na Decembrists

Lokacin daga Admiralty babban titi da jũna Guards manyan bindigogi, Nicholas umurni da yin volley na buckshot a kan "yan zanga-zanga", shi ne a kan rufin majalisar dattijai da kuma makwabta gidaje. Decembrists amsa tare da bindiga wuta sa'an nan a yi ƙanƙara na shrapnel dauki ga jirgin. Sun ci gaba bayan da Shots, da sojoji ruga uwa da kankara na Neva da nufin su matsa a kan Vasilevsky Island. A cikin Neva kankara Bestuzhev yunkurin kafa tsari na yaƙi sa'an nan tafi a kan m. Sojojin sahu, amma da aka kora daga bindigogi kernels. A kankara fashe, mutane aka nutsar. A shirin da aka kasawa, a cikin tituna da kuma murabba'ai na dare sun daruruwan gawawwaki.

The kama da fitina

Tambayoyi game da abin da shekara da Decembrists tawaye ya faru da kuma yadda shi ya ƙare, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa amsa a yau, mutane da yawa ba. Duk da haka, wannan taron yana mai girma tasiri a kan m tarihi na Rasha. Ma'anar Decembrists 'tawaye kamata ba za a underestimated - su ne na farko a cikin daular halitta mai neman sauyi kungiyar, mun ɓullo da wani siyasa shirin, da shirya da kuma aiwatar da wani m tawaye. A daidai wannan lokaci da 'yan tawaye sun ba a shirye domin gwaje-gwajen da bi da tawaye. Wasu daga cikin su bayan da fitina da aka kashe ta hanyar rataya (Ryleeva Pestel, Kakhovka da sauran), da wasu kõre su Siberia da kuma sauran wurare. A wata al'umma tsaga: wasu goyon sarki, da sauran - da kasa yunkuri. Kuma tsira da kansu yunkuri ya ci, mari, kãmammu, ya rayu a cikin zurfin tunani wallahi baƙin ciki.

a ƙarshe

Game da cewa, yadda aka ga Decembrists tawaye aka taƙaice tattauna a cikin labarin. Suna m da daya so - a neman sauyi yi da autocracy da serfdom a Rasha. Domin m samari, fice a soja, da masana falsafa da kuma tattalin arziki, shahararren gabascin yunkurin juyin mulki da aka jarrabawa: wani nuna karfi hannunka, wani rauni, wani ya nuna kafiya, ƙarfin hali, sadaukarwa, da kuma wani ya fara raunana, iya ba ajiye aikace-aikace, suka tattara.

A tarihi muhimmancin Decembrists haddin shari'a shi ne cewa su aza harsashin ginin da juyin juya halin Musulunci al'ada. Su yi alama farkon kara ci gaba da na 'yantar da tunani a cikin mulkin gargajiya Rasha.