Warsaw tawaye. A yakin duniya na biyu. labarin

Yakin duniya na II ya fara a 1939 da kuma aka kammala 1945. Fiye da dukan zamanin da yãƙi kashe wani babban adadin mutane, har ma fiye da suka ji rauni, da yawa m. A kowane lokaci na adawa da ta heroes da kuma rigima hali. Dukan al'ummai na kawancen fada da kowane for mahaifarsa, ba sunã rãyar da rayuwarsu. Ba ta kasance ba togiya da 'yanci gwagwarmaya a Poland. An muhimmanci al'amari na wannan lokaci shi ne 1944 Warsaw tawayen. A da shi akwai tattaunawa a wannan rana. A Sanadin da kuma sakamakon wannan taron da sosai daban-daban fassarar.

A takaice dai tarihi na pre-yaki Poland

Bayan yakin duniya na farko a Poland, akwai wani m gwagwarmayar iko. Kawai sai 1926 akwai wani canji na gwamnatin 5. A post-yaki tattalin arzikin da aka sosai rauni, da yawan ƙara ke damunsu. Da wannan bango, akwai wani juyin mulki J. Pilsudski. A sakamakon haka, ya zama shugaban sojoji, da kuma ya zama shugaban Ignatsi Mostsitsky. A gaskiya, a cikin ƙasar kafa wani soja mulkin kama karya. A wadannan shekaru, a Poland ne ci gaban tsarin. A shekarar 1935, a karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, mafi yawan hakkokin canjawa wuri zuwa ga shugaban kasar. Kuma 1938 gan aka rushe jam'iyyar kwaminis.

Jamus ta sa a gaba a yawan bukatar Poland, shi ya takaita 'yancin kai a 1938. Bayan da kin amincewa, Satumba 1 1939 , da Jamus sojojin fara yaki. Riga Satumba 27 da Jamus invaders shiga Warsaw. A mako daga baya capitulated karshe Polish manyan soja, da dukan ƙasar Poland ya karkashin mamaye. A cikin ƙasashe sun shagaltar da kasashen akwai da dama 'yan tawaye. Wadannan sun hada da: Army Ludowa, Home Army, daban-daban m yaƙin motsi. Sai waɗanda suka shirya Warsaw tawayen na 1944.

A matsayin da dakarun kafin Warsaw tawayen

A Soviet sojojin a shekarar 1944, ya jagoranci m a kan dukkan fronts. A 'yan kwanaki sojojin haura game da kilomita 600. Samun ci gaba na aka kusan yanke daga kayayyaki. Air karfi ya ba tukuna kaura zuwa kusa da filayen jiragen sama zuwa gaban. A cikin wannan shirin, da kwato Warsaw ya da za a gudanar a ranar biyu sãshinansu da bãyayyakinsu na 1st Belorussian Front. Har farkon watan Agusta, da sojoji suka zo wurin kiwo na Warsaw - Prague. Wannan ne yake aikata don samun gaba 2nd Guards Tank Army. Ba da da ewa, ta fuskanci wani counter-m na Jamus sojojin, wadda ta samu gagarumin karfin - a cewar wasu kafofin, akwai 5 sulke Jamus rarrabuwa. A Soviet Army da aka tilasta dakatar da fara da tsaro. Wasu masana tarihi gardamar cewa Soviet m tsaya saboda wannan taron, da sojojin da aka ƙãre 600-kilometer dogon jħfa. Sauran su ne tarihi na soji da masu bincike tabbatar da cewa sojojin jagoranci a cikin mutum na Stalin bai so a samar da taimako ga Yaren mutanen Poland juriya, wanda ya fara da Warsaw tawayen a shekarar 1944.

A farkon tawaye

1 ga watan Agusta, babban birnin kasar Poland fara tunzurin. Ya shirya ya 'yan tawayen National Army. A cikin tarihi na Warsaw ne ba, kazalika da baki da fari kwanaki. Wanne daga cikinsu sanyã wannan lokaci, wani shubuha tambaya. Bayan wani kararrawa a daya daga cikin majami'u sun fara fada domin samun 'yanci na birni daga Jamus invaders. Occupants sun rasa farkon na Warsaw tawayen da farko sun sosai ba a shirye domin shi. A cikin wani gajeren lokaci, 'yan tawayen gudanar ya karya a cikin tsakiyar birnin da kuma cikakken kafa iko a kan shi. A lokaci guda, da Dogayen sanda kasa kama barikin sojan, da filin jirgin sama da kuma babban gadoji ketaren kogi. Oklemalas Jamusawa jefa su yi tsayayya gagarumin sojojin ya kori 'yan tawayen daga mafi yawan wurare.

Ko da yake bayan da ta gudanar da janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a da lambar Army Regional sosai wadãtar, hannu da mutane da kome ba. A 34 babbar abu saki 383 fursunoni daga sansanin da aka kama a lokacin da rukunin farko na shekarar 1944 Warsaw tawayen. Daga wannan lokacin da 'yan tawayen suka fara wasa. Dole ne in ce cewa a ranar farko na wannan yunkuri da guerrillas rasa game da 2,000 mayakan. Saboda haka da yawa halaka da kuma fararen hula. Suka tafi da su tituna da kuma goyan bayan da fitina kamar yadda suka iya: barricades, wucewa da 'yan tawayen ta hanyar karkashin kasa tunnels, bayar da kula ga rauni da sojoji. Tun da dukan wadannan mutane da ba fama kwarewa, sun kasance na farko da wadanda ke fama da harin bom da kuma dakarun.

A 'yan kalmomi game da yankin Army

Soja kungiyar, mukaddashin a kan ƙasa na Poland a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, shi ne sunan da yankin Army. Yana da aka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Poland, wanda a 1939 bar kasar da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan a London. Resistance AK mika wa dukan ƙasar Poland da kuma ta babban manufar ne in yi yaƙi da Jamus mamaye. lokuta da ta karo da Soviet sojojin sau da yawa ya faru. Wasu zargi AK a wani yunkurin hallaka Ukrainian m sojojin.

The most yawan sojoji a soja raka'a kasance a 1944 - game da 380 mutane dubu .. A da tsarin, shi ne zuwa kashi tõne - hade County da kuma lardin. A tsarin kunshi AK m, ɓarna da gangan raka'a. Lokacin da Warsaw tawayen yankin Army aiki ya 'yanto da birnin daga Jamus har zuwa na Soviet soja.

Kadan game da Warsaw

Warsaw - babban birnin kasar a kasashen Turai tare da wani arziki da kuma ban tausayi tarihi. A garin yana ta asalin wani wuri, a tsakiyar XIII karni. Just to, akwai na farko manyan garu yarjejeniya a kan ƙasa na nan gaba na Warsaw. A 1526, bayan mutuwar Prince Mazowiecki birni ya aka haɗa ta Yaren mutanen Poland mulkin da samu dama a kan daidai da duk ƙauyuka. A karshen farkon XVI XVII ƙarni Warsaw zama babban birnin kasar Poland. Haka ya faru saboda m ɓangaren da na birni, kazalika don zalla dalilai na siyasa.

A ƙarshen XVIII karni Warsaw shũɗe a farkon Prussia. Akwai ta zauna a takaice lokaci da kuma riga a 1807 bayan da shan kashi na Napoleon, da Prussian sojojin da aka kafa Duchy na Warsaw. Amma shi ya daina wanzuwa a 1813. Haka ya faru bayan nasarar sojojin Rasha kan Napoleon. Haka abin ya fara wani sabon tarihi na Poland. A takaice, wannan lokaci za a iya halin a matsayin wani mataki a cikin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai. Amma da tawaye a 1830 da kuma 1863 ya ƙare a shan kashi da kuma asarar ko da kawayeniya cin gashin.

Bayan yakin duniya na Poland, a karshe, sake samu nasu jihar. Yana fara da lokaci na ci gaba da kasar a matsayin dukan kuma Warsaw musamman. Gina sabon gidajensu da kuma dukan unguwannin. A wannan lokacin, da taswirar Warsaw ya muhimmanci karu.

A 1939, na farko da kasar, wanda aka kai hari da Jamus, ya Poland. Warsaw da yawa kamar yadda hudu makonni jagoranci unequal gwagwarmaya da invaders, amma tsaro sun zalunci, da kuma babban birnin fadi. Kusan nan da nan, birnin da aka kafa wani boye motsi in yaqi invaders. Tara ƙarfinsa, da 'yan Protestants, da Home Army, kazalika da dama da ɗari mutane daga jama'ar kasar Army yanke shawarar a shekarar 1944 zuwa tawaye.

m jam'iyyun

Warsaw District yankin Army ƙidaya game da 30 000 da sojoji, wanda ya kusan sau biyu, kamar yadda da Jamus. Amma da kyau makamai Furotesta kusan ba. Suna da kawai 657 bindigogi, wasu 47 inji bindigogi, 2.629 bindigogi, da gurneti da kuma 50,000 kadan fiye da 2,500 bindigogi. Domin irin wannan babban adadin sojojin da suke da kadan. Za mu iya cewa da mayakan sa kai yanke shawarar su yi yaƙi da danda hannun tare da wani iko yau da kullum da Jamus sojojin.

Jamus, da farko ya fara ja da baya a karkashin matsin lamba daga Soviet sojojin, sa'an nan ya canja mata zuciya da kuma kafa wata manufa na rike da tsaro na Warsaw ta ja da shi a cikin birnin da kuma karkata daga babban yawan makamai. Saboda haka, Jamus kungiyar kunshi 600 kai-propelled bindigogi da kuma tankuna, game da 1158 bindigogi da kuma rokoki, kazalika da wani wuri 52 dubu sojoji.

A Warsaw da kanta tare da 'yan Protestants, suka yi yaƙi' yan sanda kamfanin:

• Cossacks matsayin wani ɓangare na 69 da bataliya.
• Mahayan 3rd bataliya.
• Rasha 29th Division na SS.
• Musulmi rajimanti rabo.
• Ukrainian bataliya na 'yan sanda.
• Rasha Liberation Mutane ta Army (RONA) Kaminski.
• Azerbaijani rajimanti.

siyasa wuri mai faɗi

Duk da yake a Poland, akwai biyu sabani siyasa sansani. A farko - cikin Lublin kwamitin, wanda aka kafa ta Soviet hukumomi a birnin Chelm a karshen Yuli 1944. Yana da aka zaci cewa, a wani lokaci na yaki da Dogayen sanda, wanda ya goyan bayan wannan gwamnatin, batun da janar soja umurninSa. Bayan da yaki, kwamitin ya dauki iko da kasar kanta.

The adawa da karfi ya da ayyuka na gwamnatin Poland, wanda daga farkon yakin, ya bari a London. Yana dauke kanta da tafin kafa istinbadi dalĩli. History of Poland a takaice ya gaya cewa wannan gwamnati shi ne ke tsara da Polish insurgent motsi, ciki har da yankin Army. Manufar S. Mikolajczyk ya 'yanto Warsaw daga gida kafin zuwa na Soviet da iko, da cewa akwai zama mai zaman kanta Poland bayan da yaki. 1944 ya hukunci ga cewa manufar.

Kowace daga cikin sansanonin so, a gaskiya, wanda kuma wannan - kwata 'yanci daga Jamus zama. Amma idan Lublin kwamitin ya gani nan gaba da Poland karkashin Soviet protectorate, da London gwamnati ya mayar da hankali fiye da a kan West.

A counterattack na Jamus da kuma tsaro na tsohon garin

Bayan da Jamus oklemalis kuma samu reinforcements, ya fara manyan-sikelin da m danniya na Warsaw tawayen. A invaders jefa barricades, wanda 'yan tawayen taimake gina fararen hula, tankuna da kuma kayan aiki. Gaba da invaders aka tilasta tafi m mutane, kuma kansu tsaya a bayansu. A gidan inda zato kunshe guerrillas hura tashi tare da sufurin ne akwai. Kamar yadda na farko suka kiyasta, a cikin makon farko na tawaye, inda suka kashe game da 50,000 fararen hula. Za mu iya cewa da Warsaw taswirar da aka kasa da yankuna biyu, kamar yadda su kone.

A 'yan bindigar da aka jefa su cikin Tsohon City, inda suka kasance da babban karfi. Saboda da kunkuntar tituna, basements da Tunnels Dogayen sanda suka yi jihãdi cike take ga kowane gidan. A gefen kudu na outpost shi ne babban coci, wanda dade makonni biyu, yayin da amfani da m ba gaba daya hallaka. A arewa na kwanaki 10, sun fada domin Allah ta Ian asibiti. Krasiński fada cewa an located zuwa yamma na gida tsaron yankin, dade da mafi tsawo, don haka cewa game da 5,000 da 'yan tawaye ta amfani da boye sassa na fādar sarki, ya koma zuwa wasu gundumomi na Warsaw.

Agusta 28, da shan irin wannan counterattack, kusan duk yaƙin dakarun a cikin tsohon gundumar kasance halakakku. Rauni sojoji Jamusawa ruthlessly kakkarya tankuna. Kuma waɗanda aka kama, game da 2,000 maza, suka kashe da kuma kone su. Satumba 2 tsohon birni tsaro da aka gaba daya mur.

Aviasnabzhenie

Ko kafin a fara bore, da gwamnatin Poland ta nemi taimakon 'yan Protestants, dole makami. Saboda haka, a farkon watan Agusta, British jirgin sama da za'ayi da dama sorties. A ya fi girma yawan jirgin sama an halaka su da invaders, wasu suka koma da tushe. Kawai 'yan transporters gudanar ya tashi zuwa Warsaw, kuma rasa nauyi. Saboda babban tsawo na ammonium fadi zuwa cikin Jamusawa, da kuma kawai karamin yawan masu zanga-zanga kai. A gagarumin tasiri a kan halin da ake ciki shi bai.

Amurka Air Force tambayi shugabannin Tarayyar Soviet izni zuwa kasa su jirgin sama a Tarayyar Soviet domin kara samar da Dogayen sanda. A fatawar da aka ƙi. A dalilan da ƙi, kõwace ƙungiya fassara daban. Stalin ya ayyana cewa Warsaw tawaye - shi ne a yi caca, kuma ba ya so ya dauki wani bangare, a da shi.

Soviet jirgin sama ya fara goyon bayan 'yan tawayen wani wuri a cikin 13 Satumba. Saboda a saki harsasai daga low tuddai, da tasiri da irin wannan taimako ya kasance mafi muhimmanci fiye da Anglo-American. Tun wannan lokacin, Soviet jirgin sama sanya fiye da dari sorties kan Warsaw.

A tsakiyar lokaci na tawaye

Satumba 9, Bor-Komorowski sa na farko ƙoƙari su yi shawarwari tare da Jamus don mika wuya. Kuma waɗanda suke a mayar da martani ga wani wa'adi, to la'akari yankin Army sojoji fursunoni. A lokaci guda, Soviet sojojin sa m, saboda abin da Jamus da janye bayan da Vistula, kona da gadoji a bãyansu. Yanã fãtan kara gaba da dakarun, da Dogayen sanda har yanzu ki mika wuya da kuma ci gaba da amfani da makamai tawaye. Amma Satumba 14th Soviet sojojin tsaya a sake. Saboda haka, tawaye a cikakken kawancen da wata iyaka yawan Stores fara Fade.

Ga 'yan tawaye a tsakiyar watan Satumba aka gyarawa kawai' yan yankunan. Fadin birnin akwai wani gwagwarmayar kowane gidan da kowane yanki na ƙasar. A Yaren mutanen Poland ɓangare na sojojin yunkurin tilasta wa Vistula River, sakamakon game da biyar battalions gudanar a samu. Abin baƙin ciki, da kayan aiki da kuma kayan aikin yi ba su iya tura, don haka shi ne irin wani caca. 23 ga watan Satumba m maƙiyi sojojin jefa wadannan guda baya. Yaren mutanen Poland sojoji asarar amounted zuwa kimanin 4000 mayakan. Daga bisani, da sojoji da wadannan sassa aka alama ta Soviet umurnin awards ga jaruntakar gwagwarmaya.

Shan kashi da kuma capitulation

Hagu ba tare da goyon bayan tsayayya Furotesta ba zai dade. Saboda haka, a kan Satumba 24, da Jamusanci sojoji suka kaddamar da wani hari a kan Mokotów, wanda aka kare ta ne kawai kwanaki uku. Satumba 30 invaders ci karshe cibiyar da juriya a cikin Żoliborz. Bor-Komorowski Oktoba 1 umurni da a tsagaita wuta, da kuma gobe samu cikin sharuddan sallama, wanda kusan nan da nan aka keta da Jamusanci invaders. Kamar wancan ƙare Warsaw tawaye.

A lokacin fadan, da 'yan tawaye sojojin Dogayen sanda rasa game da 20,000 sojoji, 15,000 more aka dauka fursuna. farar hula, yawan asarar bisa ga daban-daban kimomi jere daga 150 000 zuwa 200 000 mutane. Ko 700.000 Dogayen sanda tilasta fita daga Warsaw. Jamus asarar kasance a matsayin haka: 17 000 aka kashe, 5,000 suka jikkata, da kuma 300 tankuna. An kuma hallaka da dama da ɗari motoci da biyu da dozin bindigogi. Warsaw ta saki zo kawai uku da rabi watanni - Janairu 17, 1945. Cikin wannan lokaci har zuwa mashigin Soviet sojojin Jamus tsare halakar da tarihi da kuma al'adu na babban birnin kasar Poland. Har ila yau occupants koro fararen hula a cikin taro sansanonin da aikin gandu a Jamus.

Warsaw tawaye da duk shubuha na daban-daban versions ne daya daga cikin mafi masifu na yakin duniya na biyu da kuma wani wuya lokaci ga Yaren mutanen Poland mutane. A rashin tausayi na Jamus a lokacin da danniya da juriya wuce haddi. Jamus Empire, da ji a kusa da ƙarshen, ya yanke shawarar dauke shi daga kan Dogayen sanda, shafa Warsaw daga fuskar duniya, tare da babban yawan mazaunanta. Abin baƙin ciki, tsanani yan siyasa da kuma mutanen da suke da ikon, ba tare da la'akari da rayuwar talakawa mutane, da yawa Bole ra'ayinsu. Bari kowane irin lokaci na tarihi, kamar Warsaw tawaye, za su koyar da bil'adama don gudanar da shawarwari tare da juna da kuma godiya m rayuwa.