Yaushe kuma me ya sa babban hijira na kasashe ya fara kuma menene sakamakonsa?

A lokacin kuma me yasa babban hijira na al'ummai ya fara, ba a kafa masana tarihi ba a ranar daidai. An yi la'akari da cewa tsakanin karni na biyu da karni na bakwai AD yawancin kabilu na Huns, Alans, Jamus, da sauransu sun bar gidajensu kuma suka kai kudu maso yammacin, inda suka zauna a cikin sassan Volga da Don, a Birtaniya, Spain da Gaul, suna tattakewa a lokaci ɗaya Ƙasar yammacin Roman Empire da kuma "ƙarewa" daga ƙauyen duniyar. Ƙungiyoyin da suka tashi a lokacin da 'yan Romawa da' yan ƙasar suka rikice suka zama tushen tushen al'ummomin Roman ta zamani, yayin da yawancin al'ummomi da al'adu sun ɓace daga fuskar duniya.

Dalilin gudun hijirar mutane shi ne canjin yanayi?

Yaushe kuma me yasa Babban Migration na kasashe suka fara? Kuma menene sakamakonsa? Zamu iya cewa tare da tabbaci cewa sakamakon wannan har yanzu ba shi da wani tsari wanda ya haifar da tsarin siyasa da kabila na Turai ta zamani, wanda baya bayanan wannan canji. Dalilin da taro hijirarsa fara, mafi m, sauyin yanayi, da aka sani da sauyin yanayi pessimum a farkon tsakiyar zamanai. An yi imanin cewa wannan tsari ya fara ne a wasu yankuna a cikin shekaru 250-450 AD kuma ya ƙare a wani wuri ta hanyar 750.

A lokacin pessimum, yawancin zazzabi na shekara-shekara ya kasance kamar kashi ɗaya da rabi digiri a ƙarƙashin al'ada, wanda a wasu yankuna ya haifar da mummunan sakamako, yayin da yanayin ya zama mafi muni da kuma rashin nasara.

Sanadin yawan karuwar yawan jama'a

Don fahimtar lokacin da kuma dalilin da yasa Babbar Migration na Ƙasar ta fara, da kuma abin da sakamakonsa ya kasance, yana da muhimmanci a bincika canje-canje a yanayin rayuwar mutanen Arewacin Turai a lokacin da aka tattauna. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a shekarun nan a cikin Alps, girman gilashi ya karu sosai. A sakamakon haka, iyakar gandun dajin ya wuce mita 200. Saboda sanyi, akwai rashin gazawar amfanin gona, sai ya zama ba zai yiwu a shuka hatsi ba da kuma samar da giya a wuraren tsaunuka, wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da masu kyau, sun rasa a kan tekun Tekun Arewa da kuma yankunan Ingila ta Kudu saboda tsananin haɗari.

Sauya Shafin

Yi la'akari da lokacin da kuma lokacin da babban ƙaura na al'ummai ya fara, kuma menene sakamakonsa (a taƙaice), tun lokacin da ake yin gyaran fuska na pessimums da kuma mafi kyau a fili (a karshen wannan yanayin akwai karuwa a cikin yanayin zafi), kuma wani sanyi zai iya faruwa a nan gaba.

Wasu masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa mutane sun fara juyawa zuwa kudancin kadan, ko da a lokacin da ake amfani dasu a yanayin zafi na Roma, lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya kasance digiri 1-2 a sama da al'ada kuma akwai adadin haɗuwa wanda tare da gudummawar ci gaban noma da dabbobi, wanda, a bi da bi , Haɗawa zuwa karuwa a cikin yawan jama'a. Ƙara yawan lambobin Gepids, Vandals da Goths sun kai ga gaskiyar cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun tafi kudancin kuma sun zauna a cikin Bahar Black da Carpathians har ma kafin Babban Girkoki na Ƙasashen.

An fara daga tsibirin Gotland

Wasu masana tarihi, idan akai la'akari da tambaya daga lokacin da ya sa farkon mai girma hijirarsa na mutanen Jamus, ya lura da cewa watakila da aiwatar fara da sakamako na Jamus kabilan shirya Gotland da kuma kudu na zamani Sweden a farkon ƙarni na farko AD.

Karkashin jagorancin Sarkin berig Gothic kabilan zo a kan ƙasa na ba-rana Poland, inda da Vandals hambararren Rugova da kuma tilasta koma baya kara kudu. Saboda haka, zuwa iyakar da Roman Empire a cikin karni na biyu a karon farko da muka isa Jamus al'ummai waɗanda, ya fara sa matsa lamba a kan mafi girma geopolitical mahaluži a wancan zamanin.

Hanya daga Asia

Lokacin da yake magana game da lokacin kuma me yasa babban hijira na al'ummai ya fara, ya kamata a lura cewa mafi yawan lokaci na aiki, wanda ya fi dacewa, ya faru da wani taron. Wannan harin da kabilu Hun suka yi a Turai a 354 AD, lokacin da mahaukaci suka mamaye kabilan Alanian a Arewacin Caucasus suka kama jihar Ostrogoths ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hermanarik, suna kawar da wadannan kabilun zuwa yamma (375).

Game da Huns of information ne kadan. Wasu daga cikin masana tarihi yi imani da cewa Huns - wata al'umma "Huns" ( "Xiongnu"), wanda ya rayu a lanƙwasa na Yellow River da kuma ya halicci duniya ta farko nomadic daular. A cikin fadace-fadace da kabilu masu makwabtaka, Hunsun ya sha kashi kuma an tilasta masa ya janye zuwa yamma, inda suka haɗu da kabilun Jamus. Duk da haka, mafi yawan malamai ba su kula da Hun na kasar Sin ba, amma sunyi imani cewa sun kasance daga cikin masu zanga-zangar ko Turks, wanda a kowane lokaci an dauke su da jin tsoro da jinin jini.

Masifa 536-537 shekaru. AD

Idan akai la'akari da lokacin da kuma me yasa Mujerlar Migration ta Duniya ta fara, ya kamata a tuna cewa a tsakiyar karni na 6 an samo asalin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. An bayyana ta da karuwar gaskiyar yanayi har zuwa yanzu har yanzu mutanen zamani na wannan taron sun rubuta cewa rana ta fara haskakawa kamar wata. Ana tsammanin cewa irin wannan yanayi shine sakamakon mummunan tsautsayi na tsaunuka masu tasowa (Tavurvura ko Krakatau) ko tasirin duniya wanda ke fama da babban tauraro. Wannan ya faru a lokacin mulkin Justinian a 536-537. AD kuma ya kasance tare da hare-haren Antes, Huns da Slavs a Thrace da Illyria, yawan mutuwar mutane a arewacin kasar Sin (kimanin 80%), hijira na Slavs zuwa bankunan Elbe, kudancin Alps, mafi ƙasƙanci na Danube da ƙananan Rhine.

Yaushe kuma me yasa Babban Migration na kasashe suka fara? Kuma wutã ne mai laifi?

Jama'a sun janye daga yunwa da rashin talauci a kudanci, yayin da suke fada da 'yan asalin ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da maye gurbin mai bala'in annobar annoba (ko kuma mamayewa tare da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kansa), wanda ya haifar da cutar cututtuka.

Ana iya jaddada cewa dalilin sauyawa na taswirar siyasa da kabilanci na Turai a wannan lokacin shine sauyin yanayi, kuma wani muhimmin abin da ya inganta wannan tsari shi ne hari na yankunan Hunnic a kasashen Turai.

Yaushe kuma me yasa Babban Migration na kasashe suka fara? Kuma menene sakamakon? Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da waɗannan batutuwa cikin tsari na lokaci-lokaci. Bayan hare-hare na Huns a kusa da AD 400, tsoffin yankunan Jamus na Franks sun fara fadada yankin ƙasar Holland na yau da yake zuwa Roma, suna ficewa Frisians da Batavians daga can. A cikin 401, Alaric, Sarkin yammacin, ya keta Constantinople a cikin 395 kuma ya bar bayanan zuwa ƙasashen Girka, inda ya yi mummunar rikici da ganima, ya haye tare da dakarunsa da kabilu na Alps kuma ya shiga Italiya, wanda aka zaba a matsayin kasa mai arziki, don haka Kamar yadda baƙi suka ziyarta ba. A cikin bazara na 402, Alaric yayi barazanar kama Tuscany da Roma kanta, amma a yakin Pollenz na zamani ya ci nasara kuma ya bar ƙasar Italiya. Anan zai dawo daga baya.

Bayan shekaru kadan (406), rikice-rikice ya tashi tsakanin Alans, Vandals da Alemannic kabilu tare da Franks a kan yankuna a kan bankunan Rhine, saboda haka asusun hagu na arewa maso yammacin ya bar Franks da kudanci ga Alemannians. Gudun daji da Sueves (Yankin Jamus na Gabashin Turai) a 409 sun isa Spain, inda suka zauna a arewa maso yammacin Iberian Peninsula.

Rashin Roma a ƙarƙashin hare-hare na Visigoths

A lokacin kuma me yasa babban hijira na kasashe ya fara kuma abin da ya samu, ya kamata ya san kowa, tun da sikelin wannan tsari yana da ban sha'awa.

A 410, Sarki Alassigothic Alaric ya koma Italiya ya kama Roma. Wannan taron ya riga ya wuce bayan shan kashi na Alaric a Verona, lokacin da mafi yawan sojojinsa suka yashe, shugaban rundunar soja na Stilihon ya yarda da shi a karkashin Savva. Alary kansa ya kammala yarjejeniyar tarayya tare da Stilich kuma daga bisani ya gudanar da ayyukan hadin gwiwa don cin nasarar Konstantinoful don goyon bayan daular yankunan gabashin Illyricum. Duk da haka, kasashen yamma da gabas a wani lokaci sun tafi tattaunawa, kuma ba a buƙatar sojojin dakarun Alaric.

Yaƙe-yaƙe masu fadace-fadacen sun tafi kaina da gangami. Sun tilasta shugabannin Romawa suyi la'akari da batun fansa na zinariya guda biyu na zinariya don ba da izinin wasu wurare na Italiya, wanda aka hana su, wanda ya kai ga zagaye na uku na Roma, canja wuri a gefen Alaric na yawan bautar da kuma fadawar Roma a watan Agustan 410.

Ƙungiyoyin Jamus da kuma bayi sun lalata birnin kuma sun kone gidajen da dama, ba tare da taɓa cibiyoyin ikilisiya ba, tun da Alaric ya riga ya karbi Kristanci na Arian tsari. Bugu da ƙari, sojojinsa sun tafi kuducin Italiya tare da shirye-shiryen kama Sicily da jiragen ruwa zuwa yankunan Afrika, inda Alaric ke neman hatsin da ya kamata a ciyar da mutanensa. Duk da haka, waɗannan tsare-tsaren ba a ƙaddara su zama gaskiya ba, kamar yadda hadarin da ke cikin Strait of Messina ya kori mafi yawan jiragen ruwa. Alaric ya koma Arewa zuwa Gaul, amma ya mutu a kan hanyar kusa da garin Cosenza, kuma sauran sojojinsa da mutane suka yi hulɗa tare da kabilu.

Bayyana ɗayan al'ummomi

Yaushe kuma me yasa Babban Migration na kasashe suka fara? A takaice, wannan tsari, wanda aka fara da sauyin sauyin yanayi, za'a iya bayyana shi kamar haka: a cikin 415 AD, sai 'yan Visigoths suka fara fitowa daga Spain da kabilun Vandals, Alan da suka zo can baya. A cikin 449, yan kabilar Anglo-Saxon da mutanen Yuth suka tashi daga Jirgin da ke Jamus zuwa Birtaniya, inda suka maye gurbin Kirista Celts, suka kafa kananan ƙasashe. Shekara guda bayan haka, gudun hijira na ƙasashe ta hanyar ƙasashen Romania na zamani ya karu - gepids da Huns sun ƙetare a cikin 450, Avars a cikin 456, Bulgaria da Slavs a cikin 680 AD.

A cikin 451-452 gg. Harshen Roma yana jagorantar aikin soja a kan shugabannin Huns na Attila, yayin da Ostrogoths na zaune a Hungary a 453 lokacin da masu fashewar Malta suka fitar da su a 454. Vandals sun zauna a Sardinia (tun 458). A 476, Janar na Janar ya watsar da Sarkin Roma na ƙarshe. Ƙasar Roman (Western) ta daina zama.

A nan gaba (kimanin 486), francs sun kasance a kan ƙasar Faransa ta zamani, Bavarians sun fito ne daga Czech Republic zuwa yau Bavaria, Slav zuwa ƙasashen Danube na tsohon Roman Empire, kuma Breton, wanda mutanen Anglo-Saxon suka fitar daga Birtaniya, suka kafa Brittany yanzu.

Ƙare tsari

Yaushe kuma me yasa Babban Migration na Ƙasar ya fara, kuma menene sakamakonsa? Hanya na shida na makaranta shine lokacin nazari na taƙaitaccen tsari.

An san cewa a karni na shida AD, kabilai na Slav sun mallaki ƙasashe a arewacin Jamus na zamani (Mecklenburg), Ostrogoths sun kama kusan Italiya kusan 550, kuma daga 585 - duk na Spaniya, yayin da shekara 570, Lower Austria A halin yanzu kuma Hungary ta shafe ta daga Avar-nomads daga Asiya.

Wannan tsari ya ƙare a karni na bakwai ta hijira daga Slavs zuwa gabas na Elbe, da Croats da Serbs - zuwa Dalmatiya na yau da Bosnia, da kuma wasu yankuna na Byzantium. Yawan adadin mutanen da suka mutu kuma suka mutu a yayin da aka sake dawo da mutane ba a san su ba, amma masana kimiyya sunyi adadi ga dubban mutane.