A tsohon tarihin Montenegro

A yammacin ɓangare na Balkan Larabawa da aka wanke ta taguwar ruwa na kudu maso yammacin na Adriatic Sea wani tsoho Jihar Montenegro. A tarihin kasar, a takaice wannan labarin, shi ne wani m sarkar na gwagwarmayar mulkin kasar,, wanda ya ƙare a 2006, da amincewa da samun 'yancin kai.

Ancient jihar Dukla

History of Montenegro, gabanin da na karni BC. e., kadan karatu. Mun dai san cewa wannan yankin da aka sanaki da Illyrians - da wakilan wani sosai babban rukuni na Indo-Turai al'ummai. A na karni BC. e. yankin da aka ci nasarar da Roma, don ci gaba da shi a karkashin su iko, muddin IV karni, shi ya rushe a karkashin mãsu alãma daga cikin dabbanci.

Da ewa ba bayan, shi zai fara aiwatar da magance a cikin abin da yake a yanzu Montenegro Slavs. Musamman tsanani shi ne a cikin VII karni, amma bayan shekaru 300 a yankin Balkans da kuma yankunan dab da bakin tekun na Adriatic, kafa mai zaman kanta Slav jihar, wanda ta haifa da sunan Dukla. Its Mulki mazaunan ƙasar da kullum otvoovyvat jini da kuma ba da yaushe nasara fadace-fadace tare da kasashen waje.

Karkashin Byzantine mulki

A cikin rãyuwar Slavic kabilu a yankin na zamani Montenegro kiyaye bayanai gleaned daga records na Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (905-959). A da shi ya gaya labarin na al'umman da suke zaune a yankin da kuma kafa birnin Skadar, Budva, Kotor da Ulcinj. Krista a zamanin d Dukla da aka tabbatar a karshen cikin IX karni, kuma shi ne a nan, kazalika da Rasha daga Rum.

A XI karni Dukla kuma duk gefe da gefe da ta Serbian ƙasa da aka kama Rum, wanda ya sa'an nan a cikin lokaci ta fi girma ci gaba, da kuma gudanar da wani m mulkin mallaka da manufofin. History of Montenegro tun zamanin da an cika ta da ban mamaki da suka faru, amma wadannan shekaru sun kawo ta musamman mai yawa jini, saboda cibiyar na adawa invaders koma daga ciki yankuna na Serbia da gaba da Adriatic Sea, kuma shi ne babban yaƙi fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa.

Rawar da Prince Stefan Vojislav kafa jihar

A wannan lokacin, mafi daukan hankali tarihi adadi suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tarihi na sarauta na Duklja (nan gaba na Montenegro), shi ne da mulkin Stefan Vojislav. A 1035 ya jagoranci wani m tawaye a kan Rumawa, amma aka ci, ya kama da kuma aika zuwa Konstantinoful. Duk da haka, duk da dukan matsaloli, Stephen gudanar ya tsere daga zaman talala, sa'an nan, su je dogon hanya baya a Dukla, kuma akwai sake iko, ka dauki cikin hannuwansu.

A karshe, a cikin 1042, a wani yaki a kusa da garin Bar akwai wani hukunci yaƙi a wadda duklyanskaya Army, da kuma kafa da umarni Prince Stefan Vojislav, sarai ci Rumawa. Wannan taron kawo ƙarshen waje mamayar, da kuma shi ne farkon halittar wani zaman kanta a jihar Duklyanskogo.

A heyday na jihar, aka yi nasara da rasuwar

Bayan rasuwar Stefana Voislava ikon da aka gaji da dansa Michael, wanda ya iya hašawa zuwa hãlãyensu manyan yankunan na ga wannan Serbia. Shi ne na farko Montenegrin shugabanni aka bayar da lakabi na sarki, bã shi a 1077 da Paparoma Gregory VII.

Suke dashi labarinsa records da aka sani cewa sabuwar kafa sarauta ya kasu kashi daban daban, a shugaban kowanne daga abin da aka sanya wani dattijo, da ake kira County. A wani lokaci a lokacin da jihar hukumar nuna King Constantine Bodean (1081-1099), shi kai Zenith da hannu kusan dukan ƙasar Serbia, ciki har da Bosnia, Raska da Zachlumia. Daga baya, duk da haka, kasar da aka shiga cikin wani m jerin yakin basasa, arko ta gida County, kuma ya rasa ta tsohon ikon.

A auka na da sau daya-iko jihar

An fara daga XI karni, a rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma hankali ya fara shigar da sabon sunan da aka kafe Duklyanskogo jihar - Zeta. Kamar yadda masana ilimin harsuna, ya zo daga zamanin d kalmar "girbi" da kuma nuna wani asali shugabanci na tattalin arziki aiki na da mazaunanta.

A nuna na XI, da XII ƙarni, tarihin Montenegro sake shiga wani lokaci na siyasa da tattalin arziki ƙi, wanda yana cikin na gaba karni. A wannan lokaci, da zarar iko Zeta raunana to irin wannan har m up cikin raba mulkoki (zhupy), ya zo karkashin iko da Raska, jim kadan kafin wannan ne kawai Serbian yanki, wani ɓangare na tsohon jihar.

Cities cewa sun zama tarihi

Tare da wadannan aukuwa da kakkarfan dangankata da tarihi na Kotor (Montenegro) - City, a kan gaba daga cikin Adriatic Sea, da kuma yanzu da most administrative da kuma yawon shakatawa cibiyar. A 1186, bayan kwanaki da yawa daga cikin kewaye, ya aka kama da sojojin na {asar Serbia, Prince Stefan Nemanja da kuma shiga zuwa Raschke. Don yau labarinsa aka faɗa wa labarin da ya jaruntakar kare kashe, amma ba su son su ajiye makamai a gaban su shi ne mafifici ga makiya sojojin.

A lokacin XIII - XIV karni, wanda ya kasance mafi girma a birnin a kan tekun na Adriatic, ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka gina a kan ciniki da yankunan dake tsakiyar Serbia. Sa'an nan gaba matakin fita da tarihi na Budva (Montenegro) - wani babban zamani mafaka a Adriatic Coast, kafa a cikin IX karni da kuma aka ambata a cikin littafin tarihin Sarkin sarakuna Constantine Bogryanorodnogo. Tare da biyu sauran garuruwa - Ulcinj kuma Bar - shi ya zama manyan cibiyoyin da Shipbuilding da kewayawa na zamanin.

Tare da kansa dokoki - dokoki da sanin tsari na rayuwa, wadannan birane dadin hakkokin kai gwamnati, da kuma dukan al'amura bayar da Majalisar - wani irin majalisar dokokin kasar, wanda ya kunshi wakilan daban-daban azuzuwan.

mamayar nasara

A 1371 Serbo- Greek mulki, kafa da zarar Prince Stefan Nemanja, Zeta da kuma ci gaba a karkashin iko, ba zato ba tsammani rushe, sakamakon shi a jihar da cewa wanzu cikin abin da yake a yanzu Montenegro, don wani lokaci don samun 'yanci. Duk da haka, a cikin marigayi 80-ies na birnin, located a kan Adriatic Coast, underwent da Baturke mamayewa, da kuma bayan wani m yaki a watan Yuni 1389 na Kosovo, mafi yawan ciki sassa na Zetas sun karkashin mulkin Ottoman Empire.

A farkon gaba karni, da tarihi na Montenegro ya soma da wani ko mafi ban mamaki. By da Baturke nasara kara da Venetians, kama wasu daga ta ~ ar teku da suka ragu free har sai. A tsawon lokaci, Venice ya matse Ottoman shugabanni na nasara da ƙasashensu, da kuma a 1439 kusan duk Zeta aka ayyana ta protectorate sarrafawa da mulkin gargajiya sarakunan iyali Crnojevic. A wannan lokacin jihar aka sake masa suna kuma samu ta yanzu sunan Montenegro.

Karkashin mulkin Ottoman Empire

Duk da haka, da Ottoman Empire aka ba watsi da m nufi, kuma nan da nan ya yi niyya sabon yunkurin kai farmaki. A sakamakon haka, da tarihi na Serbia da Montenegro shekaru da yawa ya tafi, sai ya ce daga Istanbul. A 1499, da Turks nasara kusan dukan Montenegrin ƙasa ba, fãce, 'yan birane suke a bakin tekun na Kotor Bay.

Da zarar mulki da Sultan na Turkey, Montenegro aka canza kama zuwa mai zaman kanta administrative naúrar, kira sanjak. Management aka wakkala a gare shi dan tsohon Prince Ivana Chernoevicha, tuba zuwa ga Musulunci kuma ya dauki sunan daga Skender Bey.

Dukan mazaunan sabon hukumomi a kallafa maka - Filur, biyan bashin da wanda ya kasance mai nauyi zuwa matalauta da shekaru na yakin Montenegrins. Duk da haka, masana tarihi bayar da shawarar cewa mulkin Ottoman alaka yafi birane tarihi na Montenegro, kamar yadda a cikin m yankunan karkara da kuma duwatsu yankunan, musamman da Turks kusan ba.

The National Liberation gwagwarmaya na Montenegrins

A ƙarshen XVI, kuma XVII karni alama farkon farkon janar yantar gwagwarmaya da Baturke mulki. Daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali aukuwa shi ya barke a 1604 tawaye karkashin jagorancin gwamnonin Grdana. A yakin a kusa da garin Lushkopolya, da 'yan tawayen gudanar ya kayar da sojojin Turkiya gwamna. Wannan nasara ba impetus ga motsi, wanda a cikin dukan Montenegro aka share a kan shekaru masu zuwa.

A tarihin kasar a lokacin XVII-XVIII ƙarni ne m lokaci na National Liberation gwagwarmaya, a cikin abin da wucin gadi nasarori da aka bi kashi, iƙirarin da rayukan dubban Montenegrins. A cikin yaki da mazauna a kasashe da dama sun dogara da goyon bayan da Venice, a kan Adriatic Coast wanda ya dũkiyõyinsu da la'akari da Ottoman Empire a matsayin m maƙiyi. A lokacin da a 1645 tsakanin Turkiya da kuma Venice, da yaki ya fara, da Montenegrins ya yi amfani da wannan, kuma an tawaye, kokarin tafi a karkashin Venetian protectorate, amma shi ba zai yiwu ba don aiwatar da wannan shirin.

A 'yancin kai

A ƙarshen XVIII karni National Liberation gwagwarmaya na Montenegrins jagorancin Potr Negosh. Da ya gudanar ya zama mai magana da yawun na kasa shawara kuma, suka taru, da goyon bayan disparate iyalan su saki mafi yawan kasar daga Ottoman danniya. Zai gaje Danilo Njegos jagoranci dubban mutane na mayakan sa kai, wanda ya lashe a 1858 kusa Grahovets nasara a kan Turks, da sakamako daga abin da yake da doka da bunqasar na kasar Mulki. History of Montenegro daga wannan lokacin suka fara samar a kan wani gaba ɗaya daban-daban akai.

A jihar, shi ne a cikin 'yan ƙarni, a talakansa na Ottoman Empire, da aka kafa ta majalisar - Majalisar. Bayan niyya ga fitar da Turks Montenegrin ƙasa ya girma muhimmanci saboda da hada a shi a kawar da mafi m yankunan. Ta aka mayar da su zuwa ga hanya zuwa cikin teku, da kuma kambi na dukan da aka tallafi na farko kundin tsarin mulki na Montenegro. Duk da haka, a karkashin halin da shi har yanzu shi ne wani hereditary sarauta Njegos daular. A karshe, Montenegro ta samu 'yancin kai da aka ayyana a Berlin Congress of 1878 shekara.

A Brief History of Montenegro a XX karni

A sabon karni kasar ya fara tare da shela da ta mulki bi a 1910. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, Montenegro dauki gefe na Entente, kuma a 1916 aka kama da Austro-Hungarian sojojin. Bayan shekaru biyu, da shawarar da Great majalisar dokokin da aka kifar monarchical daular Njegos da Montenegro sõyayya da Serbia.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kasar da aka shagaltar da Italian sojojin. Tun shekarar 1945, Montenegro da matsayi na tarayyar Nijeriya, da kuma a 2006 ya zama wani zaman kanta a jihar.