Dagestan tsoho. A zamanin d birnin Dagestan

A Jamhuriyar Dagestan - shi ne daya daga cikin Rasha Federation. Located a cikin gabashin ɓangare na Arewa Caucasus, shi rufe da wani yanki daga 50,3 dubu murabba'in kilomita. Daga kudu Dagestan high ridges rabu daga Azerbaijan da kuma Georgia. A gabas ta an wanke ta Caspian Sea. A arewacin Jamhuriyar ne sararin expanses of m steppes.

Ancient Dagestan (duba ƙasa photo) - a mountainous kasar, wanda kyakkyawa sung by yawa artists, marubuta da kuma kasida.

Ta peculiar hanyar rayuwa, kyawawan wurare, kazalika da yumbu artists, kayan ado da kuma sauran kayayyakin sa tsananin mamaki, kuma dukkan wanda farko gana da Jamhuriyar.

Dagestan ne mai arziki a cikin tarihi. Har yanzu, da karkararta ne fiye da dubu takwas tarihi da kuma al'adu Monuments kare ta jiha. Kuma duk wanda ya taba ziyarci wannan mafi kudancin Rasha jumhuriya, da za a yi sha'awar ta kyakkyawa da dũkiya da tsofaffin al'adun.

quaternary

Ya fara da labarin da Dagestan tun lokacin da. A farko mutum parking a kan karkararta zaunar da baya a cikin Stone Age, a cikin Paleolithic zamanin. Wannan za a iya bayyana ta m Gwargwadon yanayin da ya bambanta wannan yanki. Saboda haka, a cikin Quaternary lokaci, manyan yankunan Asiya da Turai da halartar glaciations. A cikin Caucasus, akwai biyu kawai. Haka kuma, wani m kankara cover aka ba lura a nan. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta a dumi da kuma bushe iska da cewa tsinkãyi Asiya ta tsakiya. A Dagestan glaciation shi ne kawai a gefe ridges kuma a cikin yankunan da high duwãtsu.

A m factor ga mutum rayuwa a cikin wadannan yankunan shi ne cewa da yawa daga shi aka rufe da gandun daji. A sarari free bishiyoyi, suka kyau kwarai makiyaya domin obese alƙarya na dabbobin daji.

ƙananan Paleolithic

Saboda ta m wuri, da Caucasus taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin da mafi tsoho mutum shiri. Ko da a cikin Acheulean zamanin, fiye da dari shekara dubu da suka wuce, da kuma shi aka zaunar da su a Dagestan.

Traces of prehistoric mutumin gano by archaeologists a kan iyakar biyu gundumomi - Kaytagskogo da Derbent. A nan, a cikin fili Chumus-Init, sami m flakes, kuma Ya sanya daga gare su m kayayyakin aiki, (scrapers, chopping kayan aikin, da sauransu. D.).

Mutane zauna a zamanin d Dagestan, tsunduma a farauta da taro. Kamar yadda samarwa sun kasance mafi kowa jinsunan, kazalika da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma berries cewa girma a cikin daji.

A mafi muhimmanci kayayyakin aiki a cikin Acheulean lokaci sun dutse hannun gatari. Suna amfani ga yi na katako farauta bindigogi, kazalika ga butchering gawawwakin farauta dabbobi da kuma aiki cire fãtun jikinsu.

Acheulean mutane rayu a kananan kungiyoyin, sun iya yin amfani da wuta. Ya yi aiki domin su tushen zafi, wuraren dafa abinci da kuma wani makami don tsorata tafi da yara.

Middle Palaeolithic

Bayan Acheulean zamanin zo da Mousterian. A ta zamani (100-30 dubu. Years ago) domin ci gaba da aiwatar da shiri na m mutum. Har ila yau ya ci gaba da ci gaba da kuma Dagestan. Hujja da wannan ne Monuments na mai nĩsa zamanin, wakiltar saurã daga bude sansanonin. Su aka gano a cikin kusanci da Makhachkala, a cikin duwatsu, a filayen, kuma a kusa da dutsen tafkin Kezenoi am, located a kan iyakar kasar da Chechnya-Ingushetia. Kogon gidãjensu Mousterian lokaci samu a Dagestan ne sosai rare.

A wannan lokacin, da muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin dabara na aiki dutse. Igwa gare karfe kerarre ta hanyar elongate wuka-kamar farantin. Har ila yau, a wannan zamanin da shi ya zama yadu aikata farauta ta amfani da alkalama. Wannan hanya a yarda wa samar da abinci.

Duk na sama m canje-canje da suka shafi masana'antu aiki na m mutane, nuna a cikin ginin zamantakewa. An yi imani da cewa a wannan lokacin ya fara bayyana cikin rudiments na matriarchal kabila kungiyar.

babba Palaeolithic

A gaba epoch iyakance zuwa lokaci daga 30 zuwa dubu 15. Shekaru da suka wuce. An halin da kara ci gaba da na m da zamantakewa tsarin.

Dagestan ta zamanin da Monuments na wannan zamanin, a samu a cikin filin ajiye motoci kusa da kauyen na Chokh a Gunibsky yankin. A ta al'adu yadudduka samu ragowar campfires, lumps na ocher, dabba kasũsuwa, ashe, da kuma more. Amma fiye da kome samu a filin ajiye motoci na silicon craft. Wannan abu da aka yi amfani da ba kawai ga bawo, amma kuma ga su yi.

Bisa ga wadannan bayanai, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa farkon mutane da suka rayu a kan Dagestan a cikin Upper Paleolithic, farauta mammoths. Bugu da ƙari, domin samar da wadannan dabbobi da aka yi amfani da a lokacin m hanyoyin da za a corral. Har ila yau a cikin kayyade zamanin m mutane suka fara yin kayayyakinsa ga rayuwar yau da kullum.

A wannan lokacin, akwai wani karshe kafa matriarchal kabila tsarin, ƙarfafa alaka tsakanin mutum da al'umma.

Bayan ƙarshen Upper Paleolithic zamanin zo duniya Warming. A lokacin da Mesolithic. A cewar archaeologists, dutsen Daghestan a lokacin da aka densely populated. Daga cikin siffofin na da al'adunta alama misalin da lokaci daya Monuments na Arewa Caucasus da kuma Transcaucasia, wanda ya tabbatar da kama ta hanyoyi da yawa mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin wadannan yankuna.

A Bronze shekaru

Bayan da Upper Paleolithic tsohon tarihin Dagestan ya shiga wani sabon zamanin, rufe da zamani daga karshen na huɗu har zuwa karshen na biyu Millennium BC. Zo da Bronze Age. Ya kawo wani yawa nasarori a al'adu da kuma samarwa, kazalika a cikin ginin zamantakewa na m al'umma.

A wannan lokacin, da ganiya kai metallurgy na tagulla, da na tagulla. Wadannan kayan mutane suka fara nuna daban-daban kayayyakin, wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen a rayuwarsu. Aljihuna na metallurgical samar da da kuma Dagestan. Ancient ƙasar da aka arziki a tama reserves.

A tagulla-jan karni ya haifar da ya ɓullo da garma noma. Bugu da kari, mutane suka fara asali shanu. Yawan jinsin dabbobi duk lokacin da ya karu.

Ana zargin dabba husbandry da kuma aikin noma - shi ne mafi muhimmanci taron na karni da tagulla, da tagulla, wanda ya fuskanci Dagestan. Ancient ƙasar ta zama cibiyar na aiki alƙaluma da matakai da saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki. A da karkararta hanzari girma yawan fara gano sabon asashe.

A wannan lokacin, ta kara raya da kuma kayan al'adu. Samun tsoho Dagestan kauyuka a wadda ta gina mafaka da aka yi amfani da wasu daga cikin abubuwa na yi aikin injiniya da kuma gine-gine. Wasu daga wadannan matsugunai sun na wucin gadi, ko kuma yanayi hali.

A farkon da Copper Age tagulla-girma taimako ga aikin gona da al'adu kawo Dagestan. Ancient ƙasar a wannan lokaci ya kai wani babban rabo mai girma, samun dama irin wuya da kuma taushi da alkama, kusan hamsin iri na sha'ir, kazalika da yawa irin innabi, apricot, pome 'ya'yan itatuwa da sauran amfanin gona.

Development of dangantaka da jama'a

A Bronze Age an fi mayar karu da rawar da musayar tsakanin kabilu. Wannan sa daga rabo na aiki da kuma kai ga karfafa dangantaka tsakanin mazaunan yankuna daban-daban na Dagestan.

Amma a lokaci guda, da ci gaban da m sojojin ya dada tabarbare dukiya bambantawa, kuma Ya ƙãra intertribal gwagwarmayar makiyaya da kuma arable ƙasar, kazalika da karfe adibas.

Har ila yau, tsohon tarihin Dagestan a Bronze Age shi ne lokacin da ya fara samar da ethnocultural al'umma. Daga baya suka yi aiki a matsayin tushe, ta hanyar abin da akwai samuwar yawa kasashe da kuma kabilu.

A dangane da ci gaban da dabbõbi kiwo, metallurgy da yankan da aikin noma, wanda amfani da aiki na maza, akwai wani canji matriarchal-patriarchal tribal dangantakar. Su ne mafi m tare da sabon yanayi na zaman jama'a samar. A wannan lokaci, farkon wani jari na dũkiyõyi a cikin hannun mutum iyalansu. Wannan ya haifar da rabo daga dũkiyõyinsu a irin.

A ƙarshen Bronze Age fara fitowan da baƙin ƙarfe samar. A nan gaba, wannan ya haddasa juyin juya halin Musulunci canje-canje a cikin al'adu, da tattalin arziki, kazalika da a zukatan mutane. A sakamakon haka shi da samuwar ake kira soja dimokuradiyya, bayan da jihar ta bayyana.

Caucasian Albania

A na gaba mataki a cikin tarihi na Dagestan zo a tsakiyar na farko Millennium BC. A wannan lokacin, a kan gabashin yankuna na Caucasus fara faruwa bunqasar daga cikin kabilan suka rayu a can, kammala halittar farkon su jam'iyya, sa'an nan - farkon bawa jihar - Caucasian Albania. Wadannan sun sararin ƙasashe kwance tsakanin Kura River, da Caspian Sea da Alazan, wanda hada da manyan yankunan da ba Dagestan.

Saboda da yanayin Caucasian Albania ya mai girma wurin mutane su rayu. Ta mai da ƙasar ne da noman da kuma daban-daban haihuwa.

Albanian kabilan

Mafi yawa daga cikin taso jihar aka shagaltar da duwãtsu. Su warlike kabilan rayu. Su aka sa a karkashin ta m dubawa kafa, located a kan Main Caucasian Ridge.

A mafi yawa kabilan inhabiting Albania da kuma Albanians sun utii mamaye yankin a bakin tekun na Caspian Sea. Greater muhimmanci a jihar sun kuma Leahy da Gela, kuma Didur gargareytsy, andaki da Silva et al.
Long kafin wadannan kabilu da aka sani zuwa ga Caspian Sea da Mickey. Saboda haka, Albania mallaki kabilanci da bambancin. A da karkararta rayu ashirin da shida daban-daban kabilu. Wannan hoto ne sosai a kusa da ethnography, wanda shi ne samuwa a wani zamani Dagestan.

A cikin mountainous wurare na kasar, kazalika a kan wani ɓangare na tekun na Caspian Sea rayu kabilan Albania. An yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne mafi tsoho al'umma a Daghestan - magabatan na zamani Jamhuriyar dutsen mutane.

Albania ta ci gaban tattalin arziki

Babban tattalin arziki kansu daga zamanin d jihar shi aikin noma. Kuma shi gare ta ci gaba ba wai kawai a filayen, amma kuma a cikin duwatsu. Domin lura da Albanians ƙasa amfani da wani katako, garma, wanda ta wurin zane ya yi kama da na zamani dagestantskomu "purutsu".

Wani muhimmin bangare na Albanians ya dabbõbi. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta m dutsen makiyaya da kuma natsuwa a Shefela. Har ila yau, a kan ƙasa na Albania ya samu babba ci gaban fasaha da harkokin kasuwanci. Kunno kai masana'antu samar da gilashi kuma isinglass, aka tsunduma a sarrafa Semi-duwatsu masu daraja, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

A wannan tarihi lokaci a Albania kai da ganiya karfe. Sana'a fara amfani da hadadden kayan aiki, wanda a yarda a yi wuƙaƙe da māsu, da kiban ƙuri'a trehperye, kaifi sojan doki takuba da wani iri-iri na aikin kayan aikin. Saboda wannan filin na aikace-aikace ƙwarai kumbura karfe. A musamman specialization lura a cikin kayan ado kasuwanci.

tsohon birnin

A cikin ƙasa na Albanian jihar fara bayyana yawa cibiyoyin cinikayya da sana'o'i. Mutane da yawa daga cikin tsohon birnin da Dagestan (a total na 29 ya ambaci) da aka samu a lokacin archaeological tono a cikin ƙasa na zamani Jamhuriyar. Haka kuma, babban wuri, inda su ne kango na zamanin d ƙauyuka - Piedmont seaside Dagestan.

Babban birnin a Albania aka dauke Kabalaka. Ya kasance a kan ƙasa na zamani arewacin Azerbaijan. A zamanin d birnin Dagestan - shi Geldiev, Alban da Thelene. Suna located tsakanin koguna Pike da Samur. Wannan shi ne yankin ƙasar daga cikin na zamani Jamhuriyar Dagestan. A tsohon birnin yana located in hinterland na Albania - Niga. A waɗannan ƙasashe ya tsaya Bakr Daglana da Tagode.

A mafi tsufa birnin a Dagestan, wanda aka gano a matsayin sakamakon archaeological bincike - Urtseki. A lokacin da wanzuwar Albanian jihar, ya yi shirin cewa yayi dace da zamanin da style. Ya kamata a ce cewa irin wannan wani tsari yana da yawan ƙauyuka na wannan lokaci a cikin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dagestan. A tsohon birnin Urtseki kamar sauran irin wannan administrative cibiyoyin, da irin na gargajiya da tsoho abubuwa kamar da kagara, da shuka, dake kusa da gundumar.

A karshen zamanin d lokaci

A karshen karni na hudu BC yawa rundunar 'warlike nomadic Huns mamaye Dagestan. Ancient ƙasar da aka dauka daga arewa zuwa Derbent izinin.

Huns fara rayayye shiga tsakani a cikin harkokin siyasa na jama'ar Transcaucasia da muhimmanci ragae da zamantakewa da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na Dagestan. Duk da haka, da al'adun da mutanen wannan ƙasa, ba su iya tasiri. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da makiyaya kasance a kan ƙananan rung na ci gaba.

Gaskiyar cewa Huns zauna a cikin ƙasa na Dagestan, bisa ga wasu bincike na archaeologists. Saboda haka, za mu sami binnewa daga makiyaya, wanda, tare da sojoji da aka binne bakuna da kashi faranti, da baƙin ƙarfe wukake.
Hun Jihar rushe kawai a tsakiyar na biyar karni. Yana da gudummawar da rushewar mutane da yawa ciki saba wa juna. Bayan haka, tribal kungiya ta kashin na Dagestan ya zama m raka'a tare da su mamaye harkokin siyasa.