Organic ko ma'adinai fili. Nau'in gudanar da mahadi

Abu kunsha na biyu ko fiye da aka gyara, shi ne wani hadadden kwayoyin ko inorganic fili. Dangane da na'urorin haɗi aka ƙaddara ta da halaye, abun da ke ciki da kuma sauran Manuniya. A sinadaran mahadi gabatar a cikin yanayi a cikin manyan yawa. Wasu daga cikin su suna da wani amfani tasiri, da kuma wasu - a yankunan da tasiri a kan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A ma'adinai mahadi ba a inorganic yanayi. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, sun hada da sulfur, graphite, yashi da sauran. Akwai da dama siffofin, wanda aka bayyana da Organic ko ma'adinai fili.

tarihi bayanai

Kalmar "kwayoyin fili" ya bayyana a farkon matakai na raya kasa na sinadaran kimiyya. Wannan aji ya hada da abubuwa da suke ba a cikin abun da ke ciki na carbon (ban carbonic acid cyanides, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). A wani lokaci a lokacin da mamaye vitalistic Outlook, ci gaba da al'adar Aristotle da Pliny da Dattijon a kan rabo daga cikin dukan duniya a kan matattun da suke zaune abubuwa rabu dangane da abin da mulki da suka kasance: dabba da kayan lambu, ko ma'adinai. Bugu da kari, sai aka dauke da cewa ga kira na farko da ake bukata musamman "rayuwa da karfi." A wannan batun, tattalin daga inorganic kwayoyin abu ba shi yiwuwa. Duk da haka, wannan zato da aka karyata a 1828 da Wohler. Ya hada inorganic ammonium cyanate kwayoyin urea. Ya ce rabuwa, duk da haka, an kiyaye su a cikin terminology na yanzu lokaci. By abin da sharudda ƙaddara da Organic ko ma'adinai fili? Game da wannan daga baya a cikin labarin.

Overview

A mafi m aji na gudanar da mahadi suna dauke yau. Wanda akwai a halin yanzu fiye da miliyan goma. Irin wannan da yawa yana sa ta samar da wata musamman dukiya na carbon zarra sarkar. Wannan, bi da bi, shi ne saboda da kwanciyar hankali na sadarwa. Carbon-carbon sarkar iya zama guda ko mahara - sau uku, biyu. By kara multiplicity ƙaruwa da kuma samar da makamashi (kwanciyar hankali) connection, da kuma tsawon, mataimakin versa, an rage. Saboda babban valency na carbon da kuma yiwuwar mai sãɓãnin girma tsarin kafa tsari irin sarƙoƙi (uku-girma, lebur, mikakke). Ma'adinai irin koma ga mahadi samu a yanayi. Wadannan abubuwa suna da musamman abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin, jiki halaye. A general tsarin da wannan irin matsayin inorganic abubuwa. A abun da ke ciki na iya bambanta a cikin wasu iyaka. A fasalin da mahadi ne a halitta ma'adinai da kuma daidai tsari na kwayoyin halitta. Muhimmai daga taxonomy daga cikin wadannan abubuwa da aka dage farawa a 1814 da Berzelius.

Abun da ke ciki kamar yadda daya daga cikin manyan bayãnin hukuncin siffofin abubuwa

Na ga wani irin tsare gyara na halitta. Abu - shi ne Organic ko ma'adinai fili ciwon takamaiman tsari da kuma abun da ke ciki. Babban kungiyoyin na mahadi na nazarin halittu asalin hada da sunadarai, carbohydrates, lipids. Kunshe a cikin wannan aji na nucleic acid advantageously dauke da kuma carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen. Wadannan abubuwa su ne ɓangare na 'gargajiya' gudanar da mahadi kamar yadda na asali a matsayin mai mulkin. Kamar wancan ne abu na iya hada wani iri-iri aka gyara. Saboda haka, babban alama, bisa ga abin da aka kaddara wani abu wakilci - Organic ko ma'adinai fili - shi ne ba a cikin carbon abun da ke ciki da kuma ainihin abubuwan muka gani a sama.

A ra'ayi na ma'adinai mahadi za a iya karatu da la'akari da wani iri-iri na halitta abubuwa - garnets. Bã su da daban-daban jiki halaye. Sun dogara ne a kan abun da ke ciki, duk da canje-canje da tsarin kasance iri guda. Za ka iya kawai ce game da bambance-bambance a wurare da wasu kwayoyin halitta da kuma da dama-spacings.

Nau'in gudanar da mahadi

A ranar, da IUPAC nomenclature da ake amfani. Nau'in gudanar da mahadi bisa ga wannan tsarin da aka gina a kan wani muhimmin manufa. A daidai da halaye na dũkiyõyinsu a cikin ta farko kimantawa aka ƙaddara da biyu babban sharudda. Farko - a carbon kwarangwal (tsarin gudanar da mahadi), da kuma na biyu - da aikin kungiyoyin. A daidai da yanayin da tsarin al'amari ne rabu cikin cyclic da acyclic. A karshen, bi da bi, sun hada da unsaturated da kuma iyakance. A rukuni na cyclic mahadi carbocyclic da heterocyclic. Wasu gudanar da mahadi na dabara:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.

tsarin bincike

Yau, Organic sinadaran mahadi ne halin da yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. An dauke da mafi m X-ray analysis (crystallography). Duk da haka, wannan hanya na bukatar high quality crystal size da ake bukata domin cimma babban ƙuduri. A wannan batun, crystallography aka yi amfani da kasa akai-akai. Elemental bincike ne mai hallakaswa Hanyar wanda ake amfani da gwada yawa tabbatar da dalilin da abun ciki na gyara a cikin kwayoyin. Don tabbatar da rashi ko gaban musamman aikin kungiyoyin suna amfani da infrared spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry ne mai tabbatar da dalilin da kwayoyin nauyi na abubuwa da kuma hanyoyin da fragmentation.

A sunadarai Properties na gudanar da mahadi. carboxylic acid

adam rayuwa ne a hankali nasaba da wadannan abubuwa. Mutane da yawa da aka sani sunaye kamar acetic, formic, citric acid. Wadannan mahadi aka yi amfani a cikin yi na medicaments (acetylsalicylic acid), a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da kuma ga soaps da kuma roba ƙuna. Wasu mahadi samar da kwari (tururuwa, misali) da kuma zama a matsayin kariya wajen. Mikawa a salon salula matakin biochemical matakai hade da pyruvic acid da kuma oxidized a lokacin da da yawa abubuwa iya shiga cikin jikin mutum, kafa acetic acid ko lactic acid. A la'akari da tsarin da carboxyl kungiyar kamata ka lura da kasancewar a cikin shi ninki biyu na C = Ya bond. A wannan batun, ya kamata a kira su da unsaturated aikin kungiyoyin. Bugu da kari, abubuwa ba a cikin tsarin da O-H bond - da hannu hydrogen zarra. Common Properties na wadannan mahadi lura a stearic, acetic, acrylic acid da formic acid hadawa ba kawai na asali halaye acid, amma kuma aldehydes. Dangane da m da wani abin da carboxyl kungiyar, rarrabe aromatic, unsaturated, cikakken da kuma sauran abubuwa. A daidai da yawan kungiyoyin a cikin kwayoyin ne ya zama ruwan dare dibasic, monobasic da sauransu. A lokacin da la'akari da halaye na wasu kayan za a iya lura da wasu kamance inorganic da kuma Organic acid. Alal misali, duka biyu abubuwa ne iya maida martani tare da karafa, da kwasfansu.

aromatic hydrocarbons

Wadannan kwayoyin mahadi waxanda suke da ba a abun da ke ciki na hydrogen, carbon, da kuma benzene tsakiya. A mafi muhimmanci da kuma "gargajiya" wakilan wannan kungiyar ne benzene (I) da kuma homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Akwai da yawa aromatic hydrocarbons benzene zobba. Wadannan sun hada da, misali, hada da diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, kallon wani dabara wanda, wanda zai iya samun sauƙin fahimtar yadda wannan abu - Organic ko ma'adinai fili. A farko tushen aromatics kayayyakin na coking kwal ana amfani. Alal misali, wani ton na ci kwalta samu a talakawan daya da rabi kilo toluene, 3.5 kilogiram na benzene, naphthalene wuce kilo biyu.

Main halaye na aromatic hydrocarbons

Bisa ga sinadaran Properties aromatic hydrocarbons daban-daban daga alicyclic unsaturated ester mahadi. A wannan batun shi ne m wani raba rukuni a gare su. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar nitric acid, sulfuric acid, halides da sauran reactant a aromatic hydrocarbons, akwai wani canji na hydrogen atoms. A sakamakon haka ne sulfonic acid, da kuma sauran galogenobenzoly. Duk wadannan abubuwa ne tsaka-tsakin amfani a samar da dyes, magunguna.

alkanes

Wannan rukuni na hadaddun abubuwa, wanda ya hada da kalla aiki mahadi. Dukan su ba a cikin C-H, kuma C-C ne guda. Wannan take kaiwa ga rashin iyawa na alkanes su shiga a Bugu da kari halayen. Chlorination daga wadannan hadaddun abubuwa fara daga propane, 1st chlorine zarra iya maye gurbin hydrogen atoms ne daban-daban. Shugabanci na wannan tsari zai dogara ne a kan ƙarfi daga cikin C-H bond. A weaker da sarkar, da sauri sauyawa na musamman zarra. A wannan batun, da farko yawanci suna da babbar ƙarfi, sakandare, manyan, da dai sauransu barga

Shiga a cikin halayen

A daban-daban reactivity iya kai ga cewa daga cikin yiwu kayayyakin ne wata ila za a mamaye daya kawai. A zazzabi na 25 digiri chlorination na sakandare kewaye faruwa a hudu da rabi sau da sauri fiye da farko. A fluorination na alkanes da high gudana, sau da yawa m gudun. Wannan samar daban-daban poliftorproizvodnye fara abu. Wannan makamashi wanda aka saki a lokacin da dauki haka high cewa a wasu lokuta a tsokani bazuwar cikin radicals samfurin kwayoyin. A sakamakon haka, na dauki kudi ambaliyar ruwa ƙaruwa, wadda take kaiwa zuwa fashewar ko a fairly low yanayin zafi. A siffa daga cikin fluorination na alkanes yiwuwar halakar da sunadarin flourine sunadaran carbon kwarangwal da kuma samuwar CF4 - karshe samfurin.