Relic shuke-shuke. Nau'in relic shuke-shuke

Sauran kaya - ne kwayoyin kiyaye su a cikin duniya a wasu yankunan tun zamanin da, duk da canji a cikin yanayi na zama. Su ne saurã daga kakanninsu, kungiyoyin, wanda suna tartsatsi a baya ma'aunan kasa epochs. The kalmar "relic" da aka samu daga Latin reliquus, wanda ke nufin "da sauran."

Relict shuke-shuke da dabbobi suna da girma kimiyya darajar. Su ne yan dako na bayanai da kuma iya zama da yawa gaya game da yanayi na bygone yanayi dazamani. Bari mu samu matsahi na saba da shuka kwayoyin classified a matsayin relic.

Kasa relic shuke-shuke

By Gwargwadon relict jinsunan shuke-shuke suna kiyaye su a cikin wani musamman yankin kamar yadda sauran kaya daga baya ma'aunan kasa epochs a cikin abin da yanayi na zama yawa daban-daban daga yau. Saboda haka, domin Neogene (manyan) sauran kaya sun hada da gandun daji kafa itatuwa (chestnut, zelkova, da kuma 'yan wasu), mai yawan Evergreen shrubs (Goryanka Colchic, boxwood, ruscus aculeatus, rhododendron pontic et al.), Kuma da ciyawa da tsire-tsire girma a Kolkhida. Wannan shi ne wani fairly zafi-m jinsunan relic shuke-shuke, don haka an kange su a cikin yankunan da dumi canjin yanayin.

Misalan glacial relicts ne cinquefoil fadama, tsiro a cikin Caucasus, kuma Birch Dwarf, kiyaye su a tsakiya da Turai.

Phylogenetic relicts (rai burbushin)

Wadannan halin yanzu data kasance jinsunan ciki ya canza matsayin, kusan gaba daya dadaddun miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. aka kiyaye su, kamar yadda mai mulkin, saboda da kadaici na da mazauninsu kewayon daga cikin mafi m kungiyoyin. By phylogenetic relic shuke-shuke sun hada da kamar ginkgo, Metasequoia, horsetail, sciadopitys, Wollemi, Liquidambar, Welwitschia.

ginkgo

Relict itace, shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin a Duniya. Nazarin m samfurori nuna cewa Ginkgo shekaru ba kasa da miliyan 200 da shekaru. Sun bayyana a farkon Late Permian, kuma a cikin tsakiyar Jurassic girma riga akalla 15 danginsu Ginkgo.

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba ) - kadai nau'in kiyaye mini ne. Yana da wani deciduous shuka na zuwa gymnosperms. Tsayinsa ne 40 mita. Bishiyoyi ne halin da kyau-raya tushen tsarin, resistant zuwa m yanayi, musamman don tsananin iska. Akwai lokutta da cewa sun kai da shekaru 2.5 dubu. Years.

Saboda a Bugu da kari ga ginkgo gymnosperms mallakar Pine da spruce, baya dauke mu shuka ma ya kasance a cikin Pine, ko da yake yana sosai daban-daban daga gare su. Duk da haka, ya zuwa yau, akwai shawarwari da cewa kakanninmu ne tsoho Ginkgo iri ferns.

A baya can gani wadannan ake kira zaune burbushin iya zama a kasar Sin da kuma Japan. Amma a yau, da shuka da aka horar da a wuraren shakatawa da kuma Botanical gidãjen Aljanna, a Arewacin Amirka da kuma subtropical zone na Turai.

Metasequoia

Yana nufin wani HALITTAR na conifers Cypress iyali. A halin yanzu, akwai kawai wani relic kiyaye - gliptostrobovidnaya Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). Tartsatsi shuke-shuke da wannan jinsin sun kasance a cikin gandun daji a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere. Suka fara mutuwa saboda da canji na sauyin yanayi da kuma gasar daga m-Leaved itatuwa. Rayuwa samfurori na wannan itace da aka samu a 1943. Kafin wannan, Metasequoia aka samu kawai a cikin nau'i na burbushin da aka dauke bitattu.

Don kwanan wata, wadannan relic shuke-shuke suna kiyaye a cikin daji kawai a lardunan Sichuan da kuma Hubei (tsakiyar kasar Sin) da suke kunshe a cikin International Red Littãfi, saboda su ne a kan gab da nau'i nau'i.

Godiya ga gani roko Metasequoia an girma a lambuna da gonakin na Asiya ta tsakiya, Ukraine, Crimea, da Caucasus, kazalika a Canada, Amurka da kuma a kasashen Turai da dama.

Liquidambar

Liquidambar (Liquidambar) nasa ne da HALITTAR flowering shuke-shuke Aptingievye iyali ciki har da biyar jinsunan. Tartsatsi data relic shuke-shuke sun kasance a cikin zurfi na lokaci. A sabili da su nau'i nau'i a Turai kuwa, wani m kankara a lokacin Ice Age. Canjin yanayi da kuma gudummawar da bacewar jinsunan daga Arewacin Amirka da kuma Far East.

Yau Liquidambar kowa a North America, Turai da kuma Asiya.

Shin quite manyan deciduous itatuwa da girma har zuwa 25-40 mita, tare da palmate-lobed ganye da kuma kananan furanni, ya tattara a cikin globular Inflorescence. A 'ya'yan itace yana da wani woody bayyanar kwalaye, a ciki wanda akwai wani jam'i na tsaba.

equisetum

Wadannan kaya - ne mai shuka HALITTAR na jijiyoyin bugun gini kiyaye su a cikin manyan lambobi da kuma lambobin a halin yanzu game da 30 jinsin. All iri suna yanzu girma perennial ciyawa. A tsawo iya girma zuwa mitoci da dama. The most jinsuna ne giant horsetail (Equisetum giganteum). Lokacin da diamita daga cikin akwati, ba su wuce 0.03 m, shi zai iya isa wani matsakaicin tsawo na 12 mita. Girma giant horsetail a Chile, Mexico, Peru da kuma Cuba. Akwai ma ke tsirarwa, kuma mafi m tsari - Schaffner horsetail (Equisetum schaffneri). A wani tsawo na 2 m diamita ne 10 cm.

Mai tushe horsetails halin high stiffness, wanda aka bayyana da gaban silica. Tsire-tsire kuma da karfi da ci gaba da tushen da adventitious Tushen a nodes ta hanyar abin da su sosai resistant zuwa daban-daban m dalilai da za su iya ko da tsira a wildfire. Horsetails ne na kowa a kan mafi nahiyoyi, fãce Australia da kuma shi ne kawai Antarctica.

Wollemi

Pine relict itace wakilci kawai irin - Wollemi daraja (Wollémia nóbilis). Shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin shuke-shuke. Ya ke tsiro da baya a Jurassic lokaci. A shuka da aka yi zaton ya zama dadaddun na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1994, da Wollemi aka gano daya daga cikin ma'aikata na National Park da Australia da David Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama, a cikin wanda girmamawa da kuma aka mai suna ra'ayoyi (nobilis - "daraja"). Yana da aka samu kusan dukan relict ɗan kurmi. Age daga cikin tsofaffin bishiyoyi samu ne wai fiye da 1000 da shekaru.

Wollemi itace ne quite high. Saboda haka, zai iya zama har zuwa 35-40 mita. Itãce tsire-tsire ne gaba daya m ganye Agatis Jurassic, akwai game da miliyan 150 da suka wuce, kuma an kwarewarsa, m m Wollemi daga marigayi Jurassic lokaci.

sciadopitys

Akwai daya ne kawai fom - sciadopitys whorled (Sciadopitys verticillata). A baya ma'aunan kasa epochs, wannan irin itatuwa wata babbar baza. Wannan ne hujja da cewa su ragowar da aka gano a cikin Cretaceous a Japan, Greenland, Norway, Yakutia, a cikin Urals.

A wannan lokaci a cikin yanayi sciadopitys shi ke tsiro ne kawai a kan wasu tsibiran a Japan, inda shi da aka sa a wata tsawo na 500-1000 m saman teku matakin a cikin gumi dutsen gandun daji, kazalika a kan gangara, a cikin m gorges a Ashtarot.

Sciadopitys - Evergreen itacen yana da wani pyramidal kambi. Yana iya girma zuwa tsawo na 40 m akwati size a karkara -. Don 4 mita. Halin da sosai jinkirin girma. Itacen ne sau da yawa ake kira "laima Pine" saboda musamman tsarin da allurar. Its flattened allura da ciwon wani talakawan tsawon har zuwa 0,15 m, ƙarya whorls samar da kuma yada a keɓe a kaikaice, kamar yadda idan a cikin laima spokes.

Sciadopitys 'ya'yan itatuwa ne m Cones, ripening lokaci wanda shi ne shekaru biyu.

Tun sciadopitys iya zama dogon lokaci don yayi girma a cikin kwantena, shi ne sau da yawa amfani da ornamental noma kamar yadda na cikin gida da kuma greenhouse shuke-shuke. Kamar yadda wani wurin shakatawa da al'adun gabatar a Turai daga karni na 19th.

Welwitschia

Welwitschia ban mamaki (Welwítschia mirábilis) - kadai suke dashi jinsunan. Daya daga cikin uku mambobi ne na farko wajen yawa aji gnetalians cewa faruwa a yau. da sunan da Welwitschia ban mamaki shi samu saboda ta m bayyanar.

A shuka ba ya son wani abu a kan ciyawa, ko a kan wani daji, ko wata bishiya. Shi ne wani lokacin farin ciki akwati, 15-50 cm protruding sama da ƙasa surface. Sauran ɓangare na shi aka boye a karkashin kasa. Kuma kamar haka relict ganye isa mita 2 da fadi da kuma 6 mita a tsawon. A shekaru na wasu samfurori a kan 2000 shekaru.

Welwitschia ne a wuri na kudu-yammacin Afirka, wato m Namib hamada, aka located tare da Atlantic Coast. A shuka da nadira ya sami fiye da mita 100 daga bakin gaci. Wannan shi ne saboda shi ne irin wannan nesa marinjayi a cikin hazo, cewa ga Welwitschia ne tushen bada rai-ruwa.