Rosalind Franklin: Biography, shekaru na rayuwa, taimako zuwa kimiyya. Manta Lady DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - m Birtaniya sunadarai wanda X-ray diffraction karatu sun bayar da key tsarin kula da tsarin deoxyribonucleic acid da kuma quantitatively tabbatar da model na Watson - Crick. Ta kuma samu cewa DNA din ya wanzu a fiye da daya nau'i.

Rosalind Franklin: takaice dai biography, photos

Rosalind aka haife shi a London a kan Yuli 25, 1920, na biyu na biyar yara na sanannun Anglo-Yahudawa iyali. Mahaifinta, Ellis Franklin ya da abokin tarayya a cikin "Keizer" banki, daya daga cikin mafi girma iyali-manyan kamfanoni (da wasu da aka wallafa "Routledge da Kegan Paul"). Shi da matarsa rasuwarsa an rayayye da hannu a yin sadaka da kuma sauran harkokin jama'a. Rosalind Franklin (photo a cikin labarin ba a kasa) karatu a St Paul ta Girls School, wadda shirya digiri na gaba sana'arsu, da kuma ba kawai ga aure. Ta readily a ilimin lissafi da kuma kimiyyar, da kuma kasashen waje harsuna (a cikin dogon gudu shi superbly gudanar da Faransa, Italiyanci da kuma Jamus). Ba kamar da yawa polyglots, ta hana wani kunne ga music. Gustav Holst, music darektan na St. Paul ta School., Zarar ya lura cewa Rosalind tsarkakewa ya inganta kusan fadowa cikin sautin. Franklin iyali sau da yawa hutu a yin yawo tafiye-tafiye, da kuma yawon bude ido ya kasance daya daga ta shafi Buhari sha'awa, tare da waje tafiya.

Nazarin a Cambridge

A cewar mahaifiyarta, dukan rayuwata Rosalind san daidai inda ta faruwa, kuma a goma sha shida ta zabe kimiyya kamar yadda ta batu. Kada ka so wani shekara shirya domin kwaleji a 1938, ta bar makaranta zuwa Newnham, daya daga cikin biyu mata kolejoji a Cambridge University. Mahaifinta yi ba, kamar yadda wasu kafofin da'awar hamayya da shi a cewa, ko da yake ya iya samun ta sama a mafi gargajiya hanya. A Cambridge, Franklin qware a jiki sunadarai. Ta dalibi shekaru, jera faru a yakin duniya na biyu. Mutane da yawa malaman nan na da hannu a cikin soja da bincike. Wasu baƙi (misali, Masanin Maks Peruts) aka tsare 'yan kasashen waje. A daya wasika, Franklin lura cewa, "kusan duk Cabendish ya bace. Biochemistry kusan karanta ta da Jamus da kuma ba zai iya tsira. "

da gaban

A 1941, Rosalind Franklin samu wani digiri na farko, a malanta ga shekara guda da Grant da kuma sashen kimiyya da Masana'antu Research. Ta shafe lokaci a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje Norrish, sanannen majagaba na photochemistry. A shekarar 1942, lokacin da yaki da aka har yanzu faruwa, Franklin ya yanke shawarar ko ta tafii gargajiya soja aiki ko gudanar da bincike a fagen dacewa da bukatun yaki da begen digiri na uku. Ta ya zaɓi karshen, da kuma bazara fara yin hadin gwiwa tare da sabon kafa Birtaniya ci bincike ƙungiya (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: A Biography na kimiyyar

Fiye da shekaru hudu masu zuwa, Franklin yi aiki a kan bayyanãwa microstructure na daban-daban carbons da hydrocarbons, don bayyana dalilin da ya sa wasu daga cikinsu sun fi permeable ruwa, gas da kuma mai kaushi, kazalika da yadda shi rinjayar da dumama da kuma carbonization. A cikin binciken, shi ya nuna cewa ci pores a matakin kwayoyin da bakin ciki constrictions wanda kara da dumama da kuma bambanta dangane da carbon ciki. Sun yi aiki a matsayin "kwayoyin sieves", jẽre tarewa shigar azzakari cikin farji daga abubuwa, dangane da kwayoyin size. Rosalind Franklin ne na farko da suka gano da kuma auna microstructure na wadannan. Its muhimman hakkokin aikin yarda ga rarraba da garwashin tare da high daidaituwa a hango ko hasashen su yi. Haɗin gwiwar Franklin BCURA samar ta doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu. Ta samu ta doctoral digiri a Cambridge a shekarar 1945, da kuma rubuta biyar kimiyya takardunku.

Motsi to France

Bayan da yaki, Rosalind Franklin ya fara neman wani aiki. Ta samu wani post a cikin Paris awon Jacques Mering. Akwai ta koya don nazarin ci ta amfani da X-ray analysis, da kuma ma hankali matsahi na saba da dabara. Her aiki tare da cikakken bayanin irin tsarin ba graphitized da graphitized carbons taimaka samar da tushen ga ci gaban da carbon fiber da sabon zafi-resistant kayan da ta kawo mata duniya daraja tsakanin kwal chemists. Ta ji yardar collegiate sana'a al'adu na Jamhuriyar Laboratory da kuma samu da yawa abokai akwai.

Koma zuwa Ingila

Ko da yake ta yi matukar farin ciki a Faransa, a cikin shekara ta 1949, Rosalind Franklin fara kama aiki a gida. Ta aboki Charlz Kolson, a msar tambayar sunadarai, na nuna cewa, ta yi kokarin "X-ray diffraction hanyoyin gudanar da bincike" na manyan nazarin halittu kwayoyin. A 1950 ta bayar da wata uku-shekara malanta Turner kuma Newell aiki a sashen Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla a kwalejin Kings na London. Randall shirya cewa Franklin zai crystallography Front zai bincika sunadaran. Duk da haka, a da ba da shawara na Mataimakin Babban dakin gwaje-gwaje na Maurice Wilkins, Randall tambaye ta yi DNA bincike. Wilkins ya shigo ya fara aiki tare da X-ray diffraction wasu unusually kyau samfurori da kwayoyin da kwayoyin code. Ya sa ran cewa za su yi aiki tare da Franklin, amma wannan ba ta ce.

DNA hoto

Deoxyribonucleic acid bincike da hannu kawai ta kuma digiri na biyu dalibi Raymond Gosling. Ta dangantaka da Wilkins sha wahala daga wani rashin fahimtar (da kuma watakila na takaici Franklin collegiate jami'a al'ada). Aiki tare da Gosling, Rosalind ne mafi zama jinsin DNA X-ray hotuna, da kuma hanzarta gano cewa, rigar da bushe siffofin bada wani mabanbanta hotuna. A rigar form nuna wani karkace tsarin, tare da m gefen waxanda suke da phosphates ribose sarƙoƙi. Its ilmin lissafi bincike na diffraction a bushe jihar, duk da haka, bai bayyana irin wannan tsarin, da kuma shi ya shafe fiye da shekara a wani yunkurin warware bambance-bambance. By farkon 1953 ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa biyu siffofin da biyu spirals.

m yabon

A halin yanzu, a Cabendish Laboratory a Cambridge, Frensis Krik da Dzheyms Uotson yi aiki a kan ka'idojin model na DNA. Ba kasancewa a kusa lamba tare da Franklin, a Janairu 1953, da suka koya muhimman darussa game da tsarin deoxyribonucleic acid a kan daya daga cikin X-haskoki, wanda ya nuna su Wilkins, kazalika da summary ta Unpublished takardunku yi tare da Medical Research Council. Watson da Crick bai gaya mata cewa, ya gan ta abu da kuma furuci da sa hannu a cikin aikin da littafin da ya shahara sako a watan Afrilu. Daga baya Creek yarda cewa a cikin bazara na shekarar 1953, Franklin ya jifa daga wayar da kan jama'a na daidai tsarin DNA.

A binciken da na ƙwayoyin cuta

By lokacin Franklin ya amince da su canja wurin ta malanta Laboratory na Crystallography Bernal ta Birkbeck College, inda ta juya ta da hankali ga tsarin da shuka ƙwayoyin cuta (misali, taba mosaic). Rosalind sanya su daidai X-ray images, aiki tare da kungiyar masana kimiyya, da suka hada da gaba ta Nobel Haruna Klug. Its diffraction bincike ya nuna, Inter Alia, da cewa kwayoyin abu (RNA) virus da aka saka a cikin ta ciki m proteinaceous harsashi. Wannan hada gwiwa da yawa masu bincike, musamman a cikin Amurka. Franklin sanya biyu dogon tafiye-tafiye a 1954 da kuma 1956, kuma ta kafa wani cibiyar sadarwa na lambobin sadarwa a fadin kasar, ciki har da Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom da Uendellom Stenli. Ta kwarewa a wannan filin da aka gane ta Royal Institute a 1956, lokacin da ta darektan tambaye ta gina a sikelin tsarin sanda-dimbin yawa da kuma siffar zobe ƙwayoyin cuta ga World Science Exhibition 1958 a Brussels.

Rashin lafiya, mutuwa da kuma wasiyya da

A cikin fall na 1956, Franklin aka kamu da - ovarian ciwon daji. Kan gaba watanni 18, ta yi mashi tiyata da aka hõre sauran jiyya. Ta ya 'yan lokuta na gafarta musu, a lokacin da ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya kuma nemi kudaden akan bincikensa kungiyar. Rosalind Franklin, DNA Manta Lady, ya mutu a London a kan Afrilu 16, 1958.

A tsawon shekaru 16 aiki ta ta wallafa 19 kimiyya takardunku a kan ci da carbon-5 a DNA da kuma 21 cutar. A cikin 'yan shekaru, shi ya samu da yawa gayyata yi magana a taro a duniya. Shi ne wata ila cewa aiki a kan ƙwayoyin cuta iya karshe kawo da suka cancanta lada da kuma sana'a fitarwa na Rosalind Franklin, rashin lafiya da kuma mutuwa wanda ya hana shi.

Aikin a samu na DNA tsarin

Franklin ta kimiyya da amfanoni a ci sunadarai da kuma tsarin da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin binciken sun muhimmanci. Ta Sahaban gane wannan in ta rayuwa da kuma ta bayan mutuwarta. Amma mafi jama'a hankali ya sa ta rawa a gano da DNA tsarin. Crick, Watson kuma Wilkins shared da Nobel Prize a 1962 domin Physiology ko Medicine ga aikinsa a kan tsarin da deoxyribonucleic acid. Sa'an nan babu wanda ya yi tunani na Rosalind.

Ta aiki a kan DNA, watakila don haka zai tafi kada a gane idan Watson ba yi na izgili da shi a cikin memoirs a 1968, da aka buga a karkashin lakabi "The Biyu Helix". Akwai ya gabatar da "fun facts" game da Rosalind Franklin, aka nuna a karkashin sunan Rose. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin m, m mace - "bluestocking", wanda kishi tsare su data daga abokan aiki, har ma idan ta iya ba fassara su. Littafinsa ya Popular, ko da yake da yawa wanda aka nuna a cikin shi, ciki har da Crick, Wilkins, kuma Laynus Poling, sun nuna rashin amincewa da wannan fassarar, a matsayin mafi bita.

A shekarar 1975, wani abokina da Rosalind enn Seyr wallafa wani biography dauke da fushi musun Watson ta kalamai, da kuma rawar da Franklin a samu na tsarin DNA ya zama mafi sani. Da yawa articles da Documentaries yi kokarin sanin ko har ta sa hannu a cikin "tseren ga biyu Helix", sau da yawa portraying ta yadda wani dandalin mata shahidi, hana mai Nobel Prize-misogynous abokan aiki da kuma ta farkon mutuwa. Duk da haka, ta na biyu biographer Brenda Maddox lura da cewa shi ne kuma caricature, wanda shi ne m zuwa boye kanta Rosalind Franklin, da bayar da gudunmawar da kimiyya na shahararren sunadarai da kuma ta m kimiyya aiki.