Native Rasha kalmomi: misalai. Rabu amfani Rasha kalma

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu duba irin tsarin da harshen kamar yadda aka rabu amfani da 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi. A cikin asalin 'yan qasar Rasha ƙamus ba uniform. Ya kunshi dama yadudduka, abin da ya bambanta a lokacin da ya faru.

Indoevropeizmy

A mafi tsoho na zamanin d Rasha indoevropeizmy ne, cewa shi ne, kalmomin da suka shige a cikin harshen mu daga lokacin Indo-Turai hadin kai. Karkashin zaton na masu bincike, akwai da Indo-al'adun Turai a 5-4 ƙarni BC, a ciki wanda sõyayya daban-daban kabilu suke zaune a kan wani fairly babban yankin. Kamar yadda bincike da wasu masana kimiyya, wannan yanki ya miƙa daga Yenisei River da Volga River. Wasu bayar da shawarar cewa shi ne mai Kudu Rasha ko Balkan-Danube sarrafawa. Irin wannan ilimin harsuna al'umma kamar yadda Indo-Turai, alama farkon harsunan Turai, kazalika da wasu kasashen Asiya (kamar Sanskrit, Bengali).

Kalmomi, za a mayar da proto-harshe, dangane da wannan al'umma wakiltar dabbobi, da shuke-shuke, ma'adanai da karafa, nau'i na management, kayan aikin, iri zumunta da sauransu - su ne 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi. Misalai: kifi, itacen oak, kerkẽci, Goose, jan, da na tumaki, da zuma, da tagulla, dan, uwa, dare, ya, snow, magnifier, sabon, da ruwa, da sauran stitching.

Common Slavonic kalma

A na gaba Layer na 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi hada Common Slavonic, wanda aka gada daga wani na kowa Slavic (watau Proto-Slavic) Rasha harshe. Sun yi aiki a matsayin tushen ba kawai harshen mu, amma kuma ga dukan sauran Slavic. Wannan harshe-tushe wanzu a prehistoric sau a kan ƙasa da Vistula, da Bug da Dnieper. Wadannan wuraren da aka sanaki tsoho kabilan Slavs. Common Slavic harshe a cikin 6-7 ƙarni BC rushe. Kamar wancan bude hanya domin cin gaban wani yawan Slavic harsuna, wanda nasa ne da tsohon Rasha. Yana da sauki tsaya daga Common Slavonic kalma a cikin su, su da na kowa asalin ne bayyananne a yau. Domin da na kowa Slavic harshe yakan kuma Rasha. Primordially Rasha Common Slavonic kalma hada da kamar yadda wani ɓangare.

Mutane da yawa daga cikinsu akwai sunaye. Da farko, shi ne na musamman sunayen da suke da 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi. Misalai: da makogwaro, shugaban, zuciya, gemu, filin, dabino, da gandun daji, dutsen, Maple, Birch, saniya, sa, guduma, wuka, fitfok, a maƙwabcinsa, wani seine, bawa, da wani bako, wani aboki, mai spinner, wani makiyayi, maginin tukwane.

Akwai m, amma suna da yawa karami. Wadannan su ne: da, bangaskiya, da zunubi, da laifi, daukaka, farin ciki, tunani, tsananin sauti.

Daga cikin wasu sassa na jawabin ake wakilta a general Slavic ƙamus da kuma fi'ilai: ji, gani, ya kwanta, ya yi girma. Adjectives: haihuwa, matasa, m, mai hikima. Numerals: uku, biyu, daya. Magana da: ka, mu, da ku. Pronominal adverbs: inda a can ne. Wasu aiki kalmomi: a, a, da kuma, kamar a sama, da kuma sauran 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi. Misalai za a iya ci gaba.

Common Slavic ƙamus ne a halin yanzu game da dubu biyu kalmomi, amma wannan shi ne quite a kananan ƙamus - core Rasha kamus. Yana hada da aka fi amfani, stylistically tsaka tsaki kalmomi da ake amfani da biyu a rubuce da kuma a cikin jawabin.

Ya ta da tushe na Proto-Slavic harshen Slavic ta bambance-bambancen karatu, wanda da daban-daban lexical, nau'in da kuma sauti fasali da kuma nuna wa mata banbanci a cikin wadannan uku kungiyoyin: gabashin yammaci da kuma kudancin.

Eastern Slavic ƙamus

The uku Layer, wanda shi ne samuwa a Rasha harshen dokoki da kalmomi na Old Rasha (Eastern Slavic) harshe. Wannan shi ne riga wani lokaci daga baya, wanda kuma ya shafi asalin da tsoho Rasha kalmomi. Wannan ƙamus da aka ɓullo da a kan tushen da Eastern Slavic harshe, daya daga cikin uku kungiyoyin, wanda ake hada Old Slavic. da lokacin da na abin da ya faru - 7-9 karni AD. By inhabiting a Gabashin Turai da baya tribal ƙawance Ukrainian, Rasha da kuma Belarushiyanci al'ummai. Shi ya sa sauran wannan lokaci a cikin harshen kalmomi da aka sani da sauran biyu: da Belarushiyanci kuma Ukrainian, amma ba ya nan a cikin harsuna na kudanci da kuma yammacin Slavs.

Zaka iya zaɓar da wadannan nasa ne da Gabas Slavic harshe. Kamar yadda amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a cikin harshen ne daga farkon sosai, shi ya ba da aka dauka, shi ne kuma 'yan qasar Rasha kalmomi. misalai:

- sunayen tsuntsaye, da dabbobi, da kurege, kare, duck, hankaka, bullfinch.

- sunayen kayayyakin: ruwa, gatari.

- sunayen iyali abubuwa: guga, takalma, ruble, ɗan akwati.

- sunayen mutane aikin da: dafa, kafinta, Miller, cobbler.

- sunayen daban-daban ƙauyuka: shiri, kauye, da kuma sauran lexical-na ginin jumla kungiyoyin.

A gaskiya Rasha ƙamus

Next, a karo na hudu Layer, wanda za a iya gano - shi ne ainihin Rasha ƙamus, wanda aka kafa bayan 14th karni, watau lokacin da m cin gaban Belarushiyanci, Ukrainian da kuma Rasha harsuna. Sun riga ya bayyana su equivalents ga magana daga wasu abubuwa ko mamaki.

A gaskiya Rasha kalmomi za a iya bambanta a kan tushen da wanda aka samu: a qasidarki, a bricklayer, wata al'umma, a cloakroom, da kuma sauran tsangwama.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa abun da ke ciki na da irin wannan harshe kuma iya zama wata kalma da dama wadanda ba 'yan qasar tushen da suka tafi derivation da annexed da Rasha kari kafin kalma, suffixes (maras jam'iyyar, jam'iyyar, m, mutunci, sintali, gilashin), kazalika da ciwon hadaddun tushe (locomotive , rediyo naúrar). Su kuma sun hada da mutane da yawa daban-daban slozhnosokraschennyh kalmomi, wanda a cikin karni na 20th shiga harshen mu: garun jarida, LPH, MAT da sauransu.

Yanzu 'yan qasar Rasha ƙamus ci gaba da girma da sabon inclusions, wanda aka halitta da taimako na kalmar-gini albarkatun harshen mu a sakamakon daban-daban matakai na kalmar samuwar.

Rabu amfani Rasha kalma

Ba rayayye amfani da kalmar ba ya nan da nan bace daga gare ta. Sun gane don wani lokaci magana da shi, da aka sani mana daga ayyukan almarar. Ko da yake jawabin yi yau da kullum bukatar a gare su daina dandana. Wadannan kalmomi dokoki ne m ajiye na ƙamus da kuma ne a daban-daban kamus da musamman alama "wanda aka rabu amfani.".

Tsari archaization kalmomi

Yawanci archaization aiwatar fitowa a hankali. Daga cikin rabu amfani kalmomi haka, akwai waɗanda suka yi gagarumin "kwarewa" (kamar wannan, sabili da haka, da mulufi, reche, vorog, yaro). Wasu daga aiki ƙamus na abun da ke ciki an samu daga cikin gaskiyar cewa sun kasance a cikin Old Rasha lokacin da ya ci gaba. Wani lokaci kalmomin da zama wanda aka rabu amfani a gwada gajeren lokaci, da kuma bayyana bace a cikin latest lokaci. Alal misali, "Shkraba" nufi ga 20s "malami". Kowane kalmomi kamar "da Ma'aikata", "NKVD" wanda aka rabu amfani sosai da sauri. Kada ko da yaushe da irin wannan gabatarwa m tasirin a kamus kamar yadda archaism tsari za a iya gane ko da idan ba quite complete.

Sanadin archaism

Akwai dalilai daban-daban archaization ƙamus. Za su iya saya extralinguistic (extralinguistic) harafin, idan hade ƙi da yin amfani da wasu kalmomi da zamantakewa canje. Amma shi iya zama matukar, da kuma rabe-dokoki. Adverbs "damansa", "oshuyu" (dama, hagu), misali, daga cikin aiki ƙamus bace saboda gaskiyar cewa sa na sunaye ( "hagu hannu" - "Shuitsev" da "damansa" - "damansa") arhaizovalis. A irin haka ne, shi taka leda muhimmiyar rawa tsari dangantakar daban-daban lexical raka'a. Alal misali, yin amfani da da kalmar bar "Shuitsev", kuma saboda haka rududdugaggu a wannan na ginin jumla mahada daban-daban kalmomi da aka garwaya data tarihi asalinsu. "Shulga" Alal misali, a cikin harshen da aka ba riƙe a ma'anar "na bangaren hagu", kuma ya kasance a matsayin sunan, wanda Dates baya ga sunan barkwanci. Saboda haka yanzu wannan kalma an yi amfani da. Game da Rasha harshen, da matakai a cikin shi, za ka iya magana da wani dogon lokaci. Duk wannan yana da ban sha'awa. Mun kawai a takaice, a daya misali, zai bayyana da hankula tsari.

Rushewarta ilimin Halittar Jiki wadannan ma'aurata: oshuyu-hannun dama, da hannun dama-Shuitsev. Synonymous connection (bar oshuyu). Amma kalmar "damansa" don wani lokaci, duk da archaization tsarin dangantakar hade da shi, da aka gudanar a cikin harshen. Alal misali, a Pushkin ta zamanin da aka yi amfani da poetic harshen, "high style," da kalmar. Game da Rasha harshen za a iya magana a matsayin kullum gwamnatin, don haka da cewa ƙamus ne m - wata halitta tsari. The kalmar "oshuyu" da ya rage kawai a matsayin amsa kuwwa na tsaoho, yi amfani da shi ne kawai a wani satirical mahallin, shi ne zai yiwu a lokacin.

A abun da ke ciki na m ƙamus

M ƙamus da iri-irin a asalin. Its abun da ke ciki ya hada da asali Rasha kalma (misalai: Semo, aforesaid, cewa, lzya) da kuma staroslavyanizmy (bãyayyakinsu, sumba, m), a yi aron daga harsuna daban daban ( "politesse" - "politeness", "tafiya" - "Journey" "abshid" - "ritaya").

Tarurrukan na rabu amfani kalmomi

Akwai ma lokuta idan aka rabu amfani Rasha kalma haifi, baya cikin aiki ajiye na ƙamus. Alal misali, a cikin Rasha harshen yau sau da yawa amfani da wadannan sunaye: Ministan, leftana, jami'in, soja, da cewa tsaoho bayan Oktoba. Sun yi ba hanya zuwa ga sauran: mutanen da ta commissar, rabo kwamandan, Red Army soja. Daga cikin m ƙamus a cikin 20s aka gano, misali, kalmar nan "shugaban", ko a zamanin Pushkin riskarsa kamar tsaoho kuma a kamus na lokacin take kaiwa zuwa m zuriyar dabbobi. Yau da shi arhaizuetsya sake. Ya dafa kwanan rasa tsaoho kalmomi kamar Duma, motsa jiki, sashen lyceum. Suna kimanta bayan 1917 a matsayin historicism.

historicism

Koma zuwa aiki samar da wasu kalmomi mai yiwuwa ne kawai a yanayi na musamman. Yana da kullum saboda wani iri-iri karin-rabe-dalilai. Idan archaization shibtarsu da dokoki na ilimin harshe da kuma aka nuna a cikin lexical tsarin sadarwa, samu kalmomi suna kira historicism.

Daga cikin su akwai sunayen Concepts, mamaki da kuma abubuwa da suka bace: chainmail, oprichnik, 'yan sanda, gendarme, wani malami, wani hussar, a Bolshevik, yar makaranta, requisitioning, NEP, tsakiyar baƙauye, da kulak, da VKP (b) da sauransu. Historicism, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ne sakamakon karin-rabe-dalilai: ci gaban samar, canji, sabunta iyali abubuwa, da makamai, da dai sauransu.

Yau a cikin makaranta shirin ya hada da topic "wanda aka rabu amfani da 'yan qasar Rasha kalmar" (Grade 6). Duk kamata ka sani a kalla kadan game da harshe, da ci gaban tarihi. Our labarin da aka rubuta domin fadada karatu da ilmi na daban-daban yadudduka da ƙamus, da wanda babban Rasha kalma.